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Morse code

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Morse_Code_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Morse Code (disambiguation)">Morse Code (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

Morse code is a <a href="Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> method which <a href="Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">encodes</a> <a href="Written_language" title="Written language">text</a> characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations, called dots and dashes, or dits and dahs.<a href="#cite_note-Beechey-1876-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Camm-1941-4">[4]</a> Morse code is named after <a href="Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a>, one of the early developers of the system adopted for <a href="Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electrical telegraphy</a>.

International Morse code encodes the 26 <a href="ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">basic Latin letters</a> A to Z, one <a href="Diacritic" title="Diacritic">accented</a> Latin letter (É), the <a href="Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a>, and a small set of punctuation and procedural signals (<a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">prosigns</a>). There is no distinction between upper and lower case letters.<a href="#cite_note-ITU-R-M-1677-2">[2]</a> Each Morse code symbol is formed by a sequence of dits and dahs. The dit duration can vary for signal clarity and operator skill, but for any one message, once the <a href="Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> is established, a <a href="Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">half-beat</a> is the basic unit of time measurement in Morse code. The duration of a dah is three times the duration of a dit (although some telegraphers deliberately exaggerate the length of a dah for clearer signalling). Each dit or dah within an encoded character is followed by a period of signal absence, called a space, equal to the dit duration. The letters of a word are <a href="Delimiter" title="Delimiter">separated by</a> a space of duration equal to three dits, and words are separated by a space equal to seven dits.<a href="#cite_note-ITU-R-M-1677-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-TR-Paris-1949-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a>

Morse code can be memorized and sent in a form perceptible to the human senses, e.g. via <a href="Sound_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound waves">sound waves</a> or visible light, such that it can be directly interpreted by persons trained in the skill.<a href="#cite_note-Army-1968-TM-11-459-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Navy-1957-RM32-10228B-9">[8]</a> Morse code is usually transmitted by <a href="On-off_keying" class="mw-redirect" title="On-off keying">on-off keying</a> of an information-carrying medium such as electric current, radio waves, visible light, or sound waves.<a href="#cite_note-Preece-Sivewright-1891-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Army-1939-FM-24-5-11">[10]</a> The current or wave is present during the time period of the dit or dah and absent during the time between dits and dahs.<a href="#cite_note-Everitt-1937-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Radio-mag-Handbook-1940-13">[12]</a>

Since many natural languages use more than the 26 letters of the <a href="Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, <a href="Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Morse alphabets</a> have been developed for those languages, largely by transliteration of existing codes.<a href="#cite_note-War-1943-TM-11-459-14">[13]</a>

To increase the efficiency of transmission, Morse code was originally designed so that the duration of each symbol is approximately <a href="Entropy_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy encoding">inverse to the frequency of occurrence</a> of the character that it represents in text of the English language. Thus the most common letter in English, the letter E, has the shortest code – a single dit. Because the Morse code elements are specified by proportion rather than specific time durations, the code is usually transmitted at the highest rate that the receiver is capable of decoding. Morse code transmission rate (speed) is specified in groups per minute, commonly referred to as words per minute.<a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Army-1968-TM-11-459-8">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_and_history">Development and history</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Morse_telegraphs_and_codes">Pre-Morse telegraphs and codes</h3></div>

Early in the nineteenth century, European experimenters made progress with electrical signaling systems, using a variety of techniques including <a href="Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">static electricity</a> and electricity from <a href="Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">Voltaic piles</a> producing <a href="Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemical</a> and <a href="Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetic</a> changes. These experimental designs were precursors to practical telegraphic applications.<a href="#cite_note-Fahie-1884-16">[14]</a>

Following the discovery of <a href="Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a> by <a href="Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> in 1820 and the invention of the <a href="Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnet</a> by <a href="William_Sturgeon" title="William Sturgeon">William Sturgeon</a> in 1824, there were developments in <a href="Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electromagnetic telegraphy</a> in Europe and America. Pulses of <a href="Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> were sent along wires to control an electromagnet in the receiving instrument. Many of the earliest telegraph systems used a single-needle system which gave a very simple and robust instrument. However, it was slow, as the receiving operator had to alternate between looking at the needle and writing down the message. In Morse code, a deflection of the needle to the left corresponded to a dit and a deflection to the right to a dah.<a href="#cite_note-UK-Engr-1919-1938-17">[15]</a> The needle clicked each time it moved to the right or left. By making the two clicks sound different (by installing one ivory and one metal stop), transmissions on the single needle device became audible as well as visible, which led in turn to the Double Plate <a href="Telegraph_sounder" title="Telegraph sounder">Sounder</a> System.<a href="#cite_note-Freebody-1959-18">[16]</a>

<a href="William_Fothergill_Cooke" title="William Fothergill Cooke">William Cooke</a> and <a href="Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> in <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> developed an electrical telegraph that used electromagnets in its receivers. They obtained an English patent in June 1837 and demonstrated it on the London and Birmingham Railway, making it the first commercial telegraph. <a href="Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> and <a href="Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (1833) as well as <a href="Carl_August_von_Steinheil" title="Carl August von Steinheil">Carl August von Steinheil</a> (1837) used codes with varying word lengths for their telegraph systems.<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-Report-1879-19">[17]</a> In 1841, Cooke and Wheatstone built a telegraph that printed the letters from a wheel of typefaces struck by a hammer.<a href="#cite_note-Burns-2004-20">[18]</a>: 79

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samuel_Morse_and_Alfred_Vail">Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail</h3></div>

The American artist <a href="Samuel_F._B._Morse" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel F. B. Morse">Samuel Morse</a>, the American <a href="Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> <a href="Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a>, and mechanical engineer <a href="Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a> developed an <a href="Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electrical telegraph</a> system. The simple "on or off" nature of its signals made it desirable to find a method of transmitting natural language using only electrical pulses and the silence between them. Around 1837, Morse therefore developed such a method, an early forerunner to the modern International Morse code.<a href="#cite_note-Burns-2004-20">[18]</a>: 79

The Morse system for <a href="Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraphy</a>, which was first used in about 1844, was designed to make indentations on a paper tape when electric currents were received. Morse's original telegraph receiver used a mechanical clockwork to move a paper tape. When an electrical current was received, an electromagnet engaged an armature that pushed a stylus onto the moving paper tape, making an indentation on the tape. When the current was interrupted, a spring retracted the stylus and that portion of the moving tape remained unmarked.

In his earliest design for a code, Morse had planned to transmit only numerals, and to use a codebook to look up each word according to the number which had been sent. However, the code was soon expanded by <a href="Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a> in 1840 to include letters and special characters, so it could be used more generally. Vail estimated the <a href="Letter_frequency" title="Letter frequency">letter frequency</a> of English by counting the <a href="Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> he found in the <a href="Type_case" title="Type case">type cases</a> of a local newspaper in <a href="Morristown%2C_New_Jersey" title="Morristown, New Jersey">Morristown, New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burns-2004-20">[18]</a>: 84 The shorter marks were called "dots" and the longer ones "dashes", and the letters most commonly used were assigned the shortest sequences of dots and dashes. This code, first used in 1844, was what later became known as Morse landline code, <a href="American_Morse_code" title="American Morse code">American Morse code</a>, or Railroad Morse, until the end of railroad telegraphy in the U.S. in the 1970s.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operator-led_change_from_graphical_to_audible_code">Operator-led change from graphical to audible code</h3></div>

In the original Morse telegraph system, the receiver's armature made a clicking noise as it moved in and out of position to mark the paper tape. Early telegraph operators soon learned that they could translate the clicks directly into dots and dashes, and write these down by hand, thus making the paper tape unnecessary. When Morse code was adapted to <a href="Radio_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communication">radio communication</a>, the dots and dashes were sent as short and long tone pulses.

Later telegraphy training found that people become more proficient at receiving Morse code when it is taught "like a language", with each code perceived as a whole "word" instead of a sequence of separate dots and dashes, such as might be shown on a page.<a href="#cite_note-ARRL-Learning-Morse-21">[19]</a>

With the advent of tones produced by radiotelegraph receivers, the operators began to vocalize a dot as dit, and a dash as dah, to reflect the sounds of Morse code they heard. To conform to normal sending speed, dits which are not the last element of a code became voiced as di. For example, the letter L (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268038863">

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</style> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ) is voiced as di dah di dit.<a href="#cite_note-Carron-1986-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eckersley-1985-23">[21]</a> Morse code was sometimes facetiously known as "iddy-umpty", a dit lampooned as "iddy" and a dah as "umpty", leading to the word "<a href="Umpteen" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpteen">umpteen</a>".<a href="#cite_note-OED-iddy-umpty-24">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gerke's_refinement_of_Morse's_code">Gerke's refinement of Morse's code </h3></div>

The Morse code, as specified in the current international standard, International Morse Code Recommendation, <a href="ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a> M.1677-1,<a href="#cite_note-ITU-R-M-1677-2">[2]</a> was derived from a much-improved proposal by <a href="Friedrich_Clemens_Gerke" title="Friedrich Clemens Gerke">Friedrich Gerke</a> in 1848 that became known as the "Hamburg alphabet", its only real defect being the use of an excessively long code ( ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄  and later the equal duration code  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ) for the frequently used vowel O.

Gerke changed many of the codepoints, in the process doing away with the different length dashes and different inter-element spaces of <a href="American_Morse_code" title="American Morse code">American Morse</a>, leaving only two coding elements, the dot and the dash. Codes for <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a> <a href="Umlaut_(linguistics)" title="Umlaut (linguistics)">umlauted</a> vowels and CH were introduced. Gerke's code was adopted in Germany and Austria in 1851.<a href="#cite_note-Deutsch-Österreich-Telegr-1851-25">[23]</a>

This finally led to the International Morse code in 1865. The International Morse code adopted most of Gerke's codepoints. The codes for O and P were taken from a code system developed by Steinheil. A new codepoint was added for J since Gerke did not distinguish between I and J. Changes were also made to X, Y, and Z. The codes for the digits 0–9 in International Morse were completely revised from both Morse's original and Gerke's revised systems. This left only four codepoints identical to the original Morse code, namely E, H, K and N, and the latter two had their dahs extended to full length. The original American code being compared dates to 1838; the later American code shown in the table was developed in 1844.<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-Report-1879-19">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiotelegraphy_and_aviation">Radiotelegraphy and aviation</h3></div>

In the 1890s, Morse code began to be used extensively for early <a href="Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> communication before it was possible to transmit voice. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most high-speed international communication used Morse code on telegraph lines, undersea cables, and radio circuits.

Although previous transmitters were bulky and the <a href="Spark-gap_transmitter" title="Spark-gap transmitter">spark gap system of transmission</a> was dangerous and difficult to use, there had been some early attempts: In 1910, the U.S. Navy experimented with sending Morse from an airplane.<a href="#cite_note-Howeth-1963-26">[24]</a> However the first regular aviation radiotelegraphy was on <a href="Airship" title="Airship">airships</a>, which had space to accommodate the large, heavy radio equipment then in use. The same year, 1910, a radio on the airship <a href="America_(airship)" title="America (airship)">America</a> was instrumental in coordinating the rescue of its crew.<a href="#cite_note-K2TQN-blog-27">[25]</a>

During <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelin airships</a> equipped with radio were used for bombing and naval scouting,<a href="#cite_note-Pop-Sci-1918-04-Zeppelin-28">[26]</a> and ground-based radio direction finders were used for airship navigation.<a href="#cite_note-Pop-Sci-1918-04-Zeppelin-28">[26]</a> Allied airships and military aircraft also made some use of radiotelegraphy.

However, there was little aeronautical radio in general use during <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and in the 1920s, there was no radio system used by such important flights as that of <a href="Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> from <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> to <a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1927. Once he and the <a href="Spirit_of_St._Louis" title="Spirit of St. Louis">Spirit of St. Louis</a> were off the ground, Lindbergh was truly incommunicado and alone. Morse code in aviation began regular use in the mid-1920s. By 1928, when the first airplane flight was made by the <a href="Southern_Cross_(aircraft)" title="Southern Cross (aircraft)">Southern Cross</a> from California to Australia, one of its four crewmen was a radio operator who communicated with ground stations via <a href="Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">radio telegraph</a>.

Beginning in the 1930s, both civilian and military pilots were required to be able to use Morse code, both for use with early communications systems and for identification of navigational beacons that transmitted continuous two- or three-letter identifiers in Morse code. <a href="Aeronautical_chart" title="Aeronautical chart">Aeronautical charts</a> show the identifier of each navigational aid next to its location on the map.

In addition, rapidly moving field armies could not have fought effectively without radiotelegraphy; they moved more quickly than their communications services could put up new telegraph and telephone lines. This was seen especially in the <a href="Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a> offensives of the <a href="Nazi_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi German">Nazi German</a> <a href="Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> in <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="France" title="France">France</a> (in 1940), the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and in <a href="North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>; by the <a href="British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> in <a href="North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>; and by the <a href="U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> in France and Belgium (in 1944), and in southern Germany in 1945.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_flash_telegraphy_and_radio_telegraphy">Maritime flash telegraphy and radio telegraphy</h3></div>

Radiotelegraphy using Morse code was vital during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, especially in carrying messages between the <a href="Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> and the <a href="Naval_base" title="Naval base">naval bases</a> of the belligerents. Long-range ship-to-ship communication was by radio telegraphy, using <a href="Encrypted" class="mw-redirect" title="Encrypted">encrypted</a> messages because the voice radio systems on ships then were quite limited in both their range and their security. Radiotelegraphy was also extensively used by <a href="Warplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Warplane">warplanes</a>, especially by long-range <a href="Scout_plane" title="Scout plane">patrol planes</a> that were sent out by navies to scout for enemy warships, cargo ships, and troop ships.

Morse code was used as an international standard for maritime distress until 1999 when it was replaced by the <a href="Global_Maritime_Distress_and_Safety_System" title="Global Maritime Distress and Safety System">Global Maritime Distress and Safety System</a>. When the <a href="French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> ceased using Morse code on 31 January 1997, the final message transmitted was "Calling all. This is our last call before our eternal silence."<a href="#cite_note-Economist-1999-01-23-29">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demise_of_commercial_telegraphy">Demise of commercial telegraphy</h3></div>

In the United States the final commercial Morse code transmission was on 12 July 1999, signing off with Samuel Morse's original 1844 message, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/what_hath_God_wrought" class="extiw external" title="wikt:what hath God wrought">WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT</a>, and the <a href="Prosign" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosign">prosign</a> SK ("end of contact").<a href="#cite_note-Maritime-Radio-Hist-Soc-pab1_7-30">[28]</a>

As of 2015, the <a href="United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> still trains ten people a year in Morse.<a href="#cite_note-Swling-2015-12-10-31">[29]</a>

The <a href="United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> has ceased all use of Morse code on the radio, and no longer monitors any <a href="Radio_frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio frequencies">radio frequencies</a> for Morse code transmissions, including the international <a href="Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">medium frequency</a> (MF) distress frequency of <a href="500_kHz" title="500 kHz">500 kHz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USCG-2011-Circ-1367-Amd-32">[30]</a> However, the <a href="Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> still grants commercial radiotelegraph operator licenses to applicants who pass its code and written tests.<a href="#cite_note-FCC-radiotelegraph-33">[31]</a> Licensees have reactivated the old California coastal Morse station <a href="KPH_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="KPH (radio)">KPH</a> and regularly transmit from the site under either this <a href="Call_sign" title="Call sign">call sign</a> or as KSM. Similarly, a few U.S. <a href="Museum_ship" title="Museum ship">museum ship</a> stations are operated by Morse enthusiasts.<a href="#cite_note-Maritime-Radio-Hist-Soc-main-34">[32]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operator_proficiency">Operator proficiency</h2></div>

Morse code speed is measured in <a href="Words_per_minute" title="Words per minute">words per minute</a> (WPM) or characters per minute (CPM). Characters have differing lengths because they contain differing numbers of dits and dahs. Consequently, words also have different lengths in terms of dot duration, even when they contain the same number of characters. For this reason, some standard word is adopted for measuring operators' transmission speeds: Two such standard words in common use are PARIS and CODEX.<a href="#cite_note-Perera-W1TP-Teleg-Mus-36">[33]</a> Operators skilled in Morse code can often understand ("copy") code in their heads at rates in excess of 40 WPM.

In addition to knowing, understanding, and being able to copy the standard written alpha-numeric and punctuation characters or symbols at high speeds, skilled high-speed operators must also be fully knowledgeable of all of the special unwritten Morse code symbols for the standard <a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns for Morse code</a> and the meanings of these special procedural signals in standard Morse code <a href="Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">communications protocol</a>.

International contests in code copying are still occasionally held. In July 1939 at a contest in <a href="Asheville%2C_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville, North Carolina</a> in the United States, Theodore Roosevelt McElroy (W1JYN) set a still-standing record for Morse copying, 75.2 WPM.<a href="#cite_note-Pierpont-N0HFF-2004-37">[34]</a> Pierpont (2004) also notes that some operators may have passed 100 WPM.<a href="#cite_note-Pierpont-N0HFF-2004-37">[34]</a> By this time, they are "hearing" phrases and sentences rather than words. The fastest speed ever sent by a straight key was achieved in 1942 by Harry Turner (<a href="Call_sign" title="Call sign">W9YZE</a>) (d. 1992) who reached 35 WPM in a demonstration at a U.S. Army base. To accurately compare code copying speed records of different eras it is useful to keep in mind that different standard words (50 dit durations versus 60 dit durations) and different interword gaps (5 dit durations versus 7 dit durations) may have been used when determining such speed records. For example, speeds run with the CODEX standard word and the PARIS standard may differ by up to 20%.

Today among amateur operators there are several organizations that recognize high-speed code ability, one group consisting of those who can copy Morse at 60 WPM.<a href="#cite_note-Morsecode-NL-EHSC-38">[35]</a> Also, Certificates of Code Proficiency are issued by several amateur radio societies, including the <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>. Their basic award starts at 10 WPM with endorsements as high as 40 WPM, and are available to anyone who can copy the transmitted text. Members of the <a href="Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a> may put a Morse interpreter's strip on their uniforms if they meet the standards for translating code at 5 WPM.

Through May 2013, the First, Second, and Third Class (commercial) Radiotelegraph Licenses using code tests based upon the CODEX standard word were still being issued in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission. The First Class license required 20 WPM code group and 25 WPM text code proficiency, the others 16 WPM code group test (five letter blocks sent as simulation of receiving encrypted text) and 20 WPM code text (plain language) test. It was also necessary to pass written tests on operating practice and electronics theory. A unique additional demand for the First Class was a requirement of a year of experience for operators of shipboard and coast stations using Morse. This allowed the holder to be chief operator on board a passenger ship. However, since 1999 the use of satellite and very high-frequency maritime communications systems (<a href="GMDSS" class="mw-redirect" title="GMDSS">GMDSS</a>) has made them obsolete. (By that point meeting experience requirement for the First was very difficult.)

Currently, only one class of license, the Radiotelegraph Operator License, is issued. This is granted either when the tests are passed or as the Second and First are renewed and become this lifetime license. For new applicants, it requires passing a written examination on electronic theory and radiotelegraphy practices, as well as 16 WPM code-group and 20 WPM text tests. However, the code exams are currently waived for holders of Amateur Extra Class licenses who obtained their operating privileges under the old 20 WPM test requirement.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_Morse_code">International Morse code</h2></div>

Morse codes of one version or another have been in use for more than 160 years — longer than any other <a href="Electrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical">electrical</a> message encoding system. What is today called "Morse code" is different from what was originally actually developed by Vail and Morse. The Modern International Morse code, or continental code, was created by <a href="Friedrich_Clemens_Gerke" title="Friedrich Clemens Gerke">Friedrich Clemens Gerke</a> in 1848 and initially used for telegraphy between <a href="Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <a href="Cuxhaven" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a> in Germany. Gerke changed nearly half of the alphabet and all of the <a href="Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit">numerals</a>, providing the foundation for the modern form of the code. After some minor changes to the letters and a complete revision of the numerals, International Morse Code was standardized by the International Telegraphy Congress in 1865 in Paris, and later became the standard adopted by the <a href="International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU). Morse and Vail's final code specification, however, was only really used for land-line telegraphy in the United States and Canada, with the International code used everywhere else, including all ships at sea and sailing in North American waters. Morse's version became known as <a href="American_Morse_code" title="American Morse code">American Morse code</a> or railroad code, and is now almost never used, with the possible exception of historical re-enactments.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation">Aviation</h3></div>

In <a href="Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a>, pilots use <a href="Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">radio navigation</a> aids. To allow pilots to ensure that the stations they intend to use are serviceable, the stations transmit a set of identification letters (usually a two-to-five-letter version of the station name) in Morse code. Station identification letters are shown on air navigation charts. For example, the <a href="VHF_omnidirectional_range" title="VHF omnidirectional range">VOR-DME</a> based at <a href="Vilo_Acu%C3%B1a_Airport" title="Vilo Acuña Airport">Vilo Acuña Airport</a> in <a href="Cayo_Largo_del_Sur" title="Cayo Largo del Sur">Cayo Largo del Sur, Cuba</a> is identified by "<a href="Call_sign" title="Call sign">UCL</a>", and Morse code UCL is repeatedly transmitted on its radio frequency.

In some countries, during periods of maintenance, the facility may instead transmit the signal TEST ( ▄▄▄   ▄  ▄ ▄ ▄  ▄▄▄ ), or the <a href="Call_sign" title="Call sign">identification</a> may be removed, which tells <a href="Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator">pilots</a> and <a href="Navigator" title="Navigator">navigators</a> that the station is unreliable. In Canada, the identification is removed entirely to signify the navigation aid is not to be used.<a href="#cite_note-FAA-2015-Air-Nav-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Canada-AIM-2003-COM-3-2-40">[37]</a>

In the aviation service, Morse is typically sent at a very slow speed of about 5 words per minute. In the U.S., pilots do not actually have to know Morse to identify the transmitter because the dot/dash sequence is written out next to the transmitter's symbol on aeronautical charts. Some modern navigation receivers automatically translate the code into displayed letters.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amateur_radio">Amateur radio</h3></div>

International Morse code today is most popular among <a href="Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> operators, in the mode commonly referred to as "<a href="Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">continuous wave</a>" or "CW".<a href="#cite_note-43">[e]</a>

Other, faster keying methods are available in radio telegraphy, such as <a href="Frequency-shift_keying" title="Frequency-shift keying">frequency-shift keying</a> (FSK).

The original amateur radio operators used Morse code exclusively since voice-capable radio transmitters did not become commonly available until around 1920. Until 2003, the <a href="International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> mandated Morse code proficiency as part of the amateur radio licensing procedure worldwide. However, the <a href="World_Radiocommunication_Conference" title="World Radiocommunication Conference">World Radiocommunication Conference</a> of 2003 made the Morse code requirement for amateur radio licensing optional.<a href="#cite_note-IARU-2003-07-03-44">[39]</a> Many countries subsequently removed the Morse requirement from their license requirements.<a href="#cite_note-ARRL-Letter-2005-08-12-45">[40]</a>

Until 1991, a demonstration of the ability to send and receive Morse code at a minimum of five words per minute (WPM) was required to receive an amateur radio license for use in the United States from the <a href="Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>. Demonstration of this ability was still required for the privilege to use the <a href="Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave bands</a>. Until 2000, proficiency at the 20 WPM level was required to receive the highest level of amateur license (Amateur Extra Class); effective April 15, 2000, in the FCC reduced the Extra Class requirement to 5 WPM.<a href="#cite_note-ARRL-2000-Part-97-amended-46">[41]</a> Finally, effective on February 23, 2007, the FCC eliminated the Morse code proficiency requirements from all amateur radio licenses.

While voice and data transmissions are limited to specific amateur radio bands under U.S. rules, Morse code is permitted on all amateur bands: <a href="2200-meter_band" title="2200-meter band">LF</a>, <a href="630-meter_band" title="630-meter band">MF low</a>, <a href="160-meter_band" title="160-meter band">MF high</a>, <a href="High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a>, <a href="VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a>, and <a href="UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a>. In some countries, certain portions of the amateur radio bands are reserved for transmission of Morse code signals only.

Because Morse code transmissions employ an <a href="On-off_keying" class="mw-redirect" title="On-off keying">on-off keyed</a> radio signal, it requires less complex equipment than other <a href="List_of_amateur_radio_modes" title="List of amateur radio modes">radio transmission modes</a>. Morse code also uses less <a href="Signal_bandwidth" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal bandwidth">bandwidth</a> (typically only 100–150 <a href="Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> wide, although only for a slow data rate) than voice communication (roughly 2,400~2,800 Hz used by <a href="Single-sideband_modulation" title="Single-sideband modulation">SSB voice</a>).

Morse code is usually received as a high-pitched audio tone, so transmissions are easier to copy than voice through the noise on congested frequencies, and it can be used in very high noise / low signal environments. The fact that the transmitted power is concentrated into a very limited bandwidth makes it possible to use narrow receiver filters, which suppress or eliminate interference on nearby frequencies. The narrow signal bandwidth also takes advantage of the natural aural selectivity of the human brain, further enhancing weak signal readability. This efficiency makes CW extremely useful for <a href="DXing" title="DXing">DX (long distance) transmissions</a>, as well as for low-power transmissions (commonly called "<a href="QRP_operation" title="QRP operation">QRP operation</a>", from the <a href="Q-code" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-code">Q-code</a> for "reduce power"). There are several amateur clubs that require solid high speed copy, the highest of these has a standard of 60 WPM. The <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a> offers a code proficiency certification program that starts at 10 WPM.

The relatively limited speed at which Morse code can be sent led to the development of an extensive number of abbreviations to speed communication. These include prosigns, <a href="Q_code" title="Q code">Q codes</a>, and a set of <a href="Morse_code_abbreviations" title="Morse code abbreviations">Morse code abbreviations</a> for typical message components. For example, CQ is broadcast to be interpreted as "seek you" (I'd like to converse with anyone who can hear my signal). The abbreviations OM (old man), YL (young lady), and XYL ("ex-young lady" – wife) are common. YL or OM is used by an operator when referring to the other operator (regardless of their actual age), and XYL or OM (rather than the expected XYM) is used by an operator when referring to his or her spouse. QTH is "transmitting location" (spoken "my Q.T.H." is "my location"). The use of abbreviations for common terms permits conversation even when the operators speak different languages.

Although the traditional <a href="Telegraph_key" title="Telegraph key">telegraph key</a> (straight key) is still used by some amateurs, the use of mechanical semi-automatic <a href="Keyer" title="Keyer">keyers</a><a href="#cite_note-bug_op_note-42">[d]</a>

(informally called "bugs"), and of fully automatic electronic <a href="Keyer" title="Keyer">keyers</a> (called "single paddle" and either "double-paddle" or "iambic" keys) is prevalent today. <a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a> is also frequently employed to produce and decode Morse code radio signals. The <a href="ARRL" class="mw-redirect" title="ARRL">ARRL</a> has a readability standard for robot encoders called ARRL Farnsworth spacing<a href="#cite_note-ARRL-x9004008-Farnsw-47">[42]</a> that is supposed to have higher readability for both robot and human decoders. Some programs like WinMorse<a href="#cite_note-Winmorse-custom-Farnsw-48">[43]</a> have implemented the standard.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3></div>

Radio navigation aids such as <a href="VHF_omnidirectional_range" title="VHF omnidirectional range">VORs</a> and <a href="Non-directional_beacon" title="Non-directional beacon">NDBs</a> for aeronautical use broadcast identifying information in the form of Morse Code, though many <a href="VHF_omnidirectional_range" title="VHF omnidirectional range">VOR</a> stations now also provide voice identification.<a href="#cite_note-FCC-AIM-ch-1-49">[44]</a> Warships, including those of the <a href="U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a>, have long used <a href="Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">signal lamps</a> to exchange messages in Morse code. Modern use continues, in part, as a way to communicate while maintaining <a href="Radio_silence" title="Radio silence">radio silence</a>.

<a href="Automatic_Transmitter_Identification_System_(television)" title="Automatic Transmitter Identification System (television)">Automatic Transmitter Identification System</a> (ATIS) uses Morse code to identify uplink sources of analog <a href="Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> transmissions.

Many <a href="Amateur_radio_repeater" title="Amateur radio repeater">amateur radio repeaters</a> identify with Morse, even though they are used for voice communications.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications_for_the_general_public">Applications for the general public</h3></div>

An important application is signalling for help through <a href="SOS" title="SOS">SOS</a>, " ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ". This can be sent many ways: keying a radio on and off, flashing a mirror, toggling a flashlight, and similar methods. The <a href="SOS" title="SOS">SOS</a> signal is not sent as three separate characters; rather, it is a <a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">prosign</a> SOS, and is keyed without gaps between characters.<a href="#cite_note-QSL-Prosigns-50">[45]</a> The specific meaning of the SOS prosign is equivalent to "This is the start of a distress message" (all other transmissions to go silent for the duration of the message).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morse_code_as_an_assistive_technology">Morse code as an assistive technology</h3></div>

Morse code has been employed as an <a href="Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">assistive technology</a>, helping people with a variety of <a href="Disability" title="Disability">disabilities</a> to communicate.<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> For example, the Android operating system versions 5.0 and higher allow users to input text using Morse Code as an alternative to a keypad or <a href="Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">handwriting recognition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Google-android-9011881-56">[50]</a>

Morse can be sent by persons with severe motion disabilities, as long as they have some minimal motor control. An original solution to the problem that caretakers have to learn to decode has been an <a href="Electronic_typewriter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic typewriter">electronic typewriter</a> with the codes written on the keys. Codes were sung by users; see the voice typewriter employing Morse or votem.<a href="#cite_note-Newell-Nabarro-1968-57">[51]</a>

Morse code can also be translated by computer and used in a speaking communication aid. In some cases, this means alternately blowing into and sucking on a plastic tube ("<a href="Sip-and-puff" title="Sip-and-puff">sip-and-puff</a>" interface). An important advantage of Morse code over <a href="Switch_access_scanning" title="Switch access scanning">row column scanning</a> is that once learned, it does not require looking at a display. Also, it appears faster than scanning.

In one case reported in the radio amateur magazine <a href="QST" title="QST">QST</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ross-1992-03-58">[52]</a> an old shipboard radio operator who had a <a href="Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> and lost the ability to speak or write could communicate with his physician (a radio amateur) by blinking his eyes in Morse. Two examples of communication in intensive care units were also published in <a href="QST_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="QST magazine">QST magazine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curt-1990-07-59">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burch-1990-07-60">[54]</a> Another example occurred in 1966 when <a href="Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> <a href="Jeremiah_Denton" title="Jeremiah Denton">Jeremiah Denton</a>, brought on television by his <a href="North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> captors, Morse-blinked the word TORTURE. In these two cases, interpreters were available to understand those series of eye-blinks.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation,_timing,_and_speeds">Representation, timing, and speeds</h2></div>

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International Morse code is composed of five elements:<a href="#cite_note-ITU-R-M-1677-2">[2]</a>: §3

<ol><li>short mark, dot or dit ( ▄ ): "dit duration" is one time unit long</li>

<li>long mark, dash or dah ( ▄▄▄ ): three time units long</li>

<li>inter-element gap between the dits and dahs within a character: one dot duration or one unit long</li>

<li>short gap (between letters): three time units long</li>

<li>medium gap (between words): seven time units long (formerly five<a href="#cite_note-TR-Cairo-1938-6">[6]</a>)</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission">Transmission</h3></div>

Morse code can be transmitted in a number of ways: Originally as electrical pulses along a <a href="Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> wire, but later extended to an audio tone, a radio signal with short and long tones, or high and low tones, or as a mechanical, audible, or visual signal (e.g. a flashing light) using devices like an <a href="Aldis_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldis lamp">Aldis lamp</a> or a <a href="Heliograph" title="Heliograph">heliograph</a>, a common flashlight, or even a car horn. Some mine rescues have used pulling on a rope - a short pull for a dot and a long pull for a dah. Ground forces send messages to aircraft with panel signalling, where a horizontal panel is a dah and a vertical panel a dit.<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a>

Morse messages are generally transmitted by a hand-operated device such as a <a href="Telegraph_key" title="Telegraph key">telegraph key</a>, so there are variations introduced by the skill of the sender and receiver — more experienced operators can send and receive at faster speeds. In addition, individual operators differ slightly, for example, using slightly longer or shorter dahs or gaps, perhaps only for particular characters. This is called their "fist", and experienced operators can recognize specific individuals by it alone. A good operator who sends clearly and is easy to copy is said to have a "good fist". A "poor fist" is a characteristic of sloppy or hard to copy Morse code.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital_storage">Digital storage</h4></div>

Morse code is transmitted using just two states (on and off). Morse code may be represented as a binary code, and that is what telegraph operators do when transmitting messages. Working from the above ITU definition and further defining a <a href="Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> as a dot time, a Morse code sequence may be crudely represented a combination of the following five bit-strings:

<ol><li>short mark, dot or dit ( ▄ ): '1'b</li>

<li>longer mark, dash or dah ( ▄▄▄ ): '111'b</li>

<li>intra-character gap (between the dits and dahs within a character): 0</li>

<li>short gap (between letters): '000'b</li>

<li>medium gap (between words): '0000000'b</li></ol>

The marks and gaps alternate: Dits and dahs are always separated by one of the gaps, and that the gaps are always separated by a dit or a dah.

A more efficient binary encoding uses only two-bits for each dit or dah element, with the 1 dit-length pause that must follow after each automatically included for every 2 bit code. One possible coding is by number value for the length of signal tone sent one could use '01'b for a dit and the automatic single-dit pause after it, and '11'b for a dah and the automatic single-dit following pause, and '00'b for the extra pause between letters (in effect, an end-of-letter mark). That leaves the code '10'b available for some other purpose, such as an escape character, or to more compactly represent the extra space between words (an end-of-word mark) instead of '00 00 00'b (only 6 dit lengths, since the 7th is automatically inserted as part of the prior dit or dah). Although the dit and inter-letter pauses work out to be the same, for any letter containing a dah, the two-bit encoding uses digital memory more compactly than the direct-conversion bit strings mentioned above. Including the letter-separating spaces, all International Morse letter codes pack into 12 bits or less (5 symbols), and most fit into 10 bits or less (4 symbols); most of the <a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">procedural signs</a> fit into 14 bits, with a few only needing 12 bits (5 symbols); and all digits require exactly 12 bits.

For example, Morse G ( ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  + 2 extra empty dits for "end of letter") would binary-encode as '11'b, '11'b, '01'b, '00'b; when packed it is '1111 0100'b = 'F4'x, which stores into only one <a href="Byte" title="Byte">byte</a> (two <a href="Nibble" title="Nibble">nibbles</a>) (as does every three-element code). The bit encoding for the longer method mentioned earlier the same letter would encode as '1110'b, '1110'b, '1000'b = '1110 1110 1000'b = 'EE8'x, or one-and-a-half bytes (three nibbles). The space saving allows small devices, like portable memory keyers, to have more and longer International Morse code sequences in small, conventional device-driver <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>' <a href="Random_access_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Random access memory">RAM</a> chips.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cable_code">Cable code</h3></div>

The very long <a href="Time_constant" title="Time constant">time constants</a> of 19th and early 20th century <a href="Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine communications cables</a> required a different form of Morse signalling. Instead of keying a voltage on and off for varying times, the dits and dahs were represented by two polarities of voltage impressed on the cable, for a uniform time.<a href="#cite_note-Beauchamp-2001-62">[56]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timing">Timing</h3></div>

Below is an illustration of timing conventions. The phrase MORSE CODE, in Morse code format, would normally be written something like this, where  ▄▄▄  represents dahs and  ▄  represents dits:

<td>E

</td>

<td>E

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> ▄

</td>

<td> ▄

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

Next is the exact conventional timing for this phrase, with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">▓</code> representing "signal on", and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">˽</code> representing "signal off", each for the time length of exactly one dit:

<td>E

</td>

<td>E

</td></tr>

<tr>

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</style>▓▓▓˽▓▓▓</td>

<td>▓

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>symbol</td>

<td colspan="3;"><div style="float:left;">letter</div></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>space</td>

<td colspan="3;"><div style="float:left;">space</div></td>

<td>space</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spoken_representation">Spoken representation</h3></div>

Morse code is often spoken or written with dah for dashes, dit for dots located at the end of a character, and di for dots located at the beginning or internally within the character. Thus, the following Morse code sequence:

<td>E

</td>

<td>E

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> ▄

</td>

<td> ▄

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

is spoken (or sung):

<td>dit

</td>

<td> dit

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>E

</td>

<td>E

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

For use on radio, there is little point in learning to read Morse written in dashes and dots, as above; rather, the sounds of all of the letters and symbols need to be learned, for both sending and receiving.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed_in_words_per_minute">Speed in words per minute</h3></div>

All Morse code elements depend on the dot / dit length. A dah is the length of 3 dits (with no gaps between), and spacings are specified in number of dit lengths. An unambiguous method of specifying the transmission speed is to specify the dit duration as, for example, 50 <a href="Milliseconds" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliseconds">milliseconds</a>.

Specifying the dit duration is, however, not the common practice. Usually, speeds are stated in words per minute. That introduces ambiguity because words have different numbers of characters, and characters have different dit lengths. It is not immediately clear how a specific word rate determines the dit duration in milliseconds.

Some method to standardize the transformation of a word rate to a dit duration is useful. A simple way to do this is to choose a dit duration that would send a typical word the desired number of times in one minute. If, for example, the operator wanted a character speed of 13 words per minute, the operator would choose a dit rate that would send the typical word 13 times in exactly one minute.

The typical word thus determines the dit length. It is common to assume that a word is 5 characters long. There are two common typical words: PARIS and CODEX. PARIS mimics a word rate that is typical of natural language words and reflects the benefits of Morse code's shorter code durations for common characters such as E and T. CODEX offers a word rate that is typical of 5 letter code groups (sequences of random letters). Using the word PARIS as a standard, the number of dit units is 50 and a simple calculation shows that the dit length at 20 words per minute is 60 milliseconds. Using the word CODEX with 60 dit units, the dit length at 20 words per minute is 50 milliseconds.

Because Morse code is usually sent by hand, it is unlikely that an operator could be that precise with the dit length, and the individual characteristics and preferences of the operators usually override the standards.

For commercial radiotelegraph licenses in the United States, the Federal Communications Commission specifies tests for Morse code proficiency in words per minute and in code groups per minute.<a href="#cite_note-US-CFR-Title-47-63">[57]</a>: §13.207(c), §13.209(d) The <a href="FCC" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC">FCC</a> specifies that a "word" is 5 characters long. The Commission specifies Morse code test elements at 16 code groups per minute, 20 words per minute, 20 code groups per minute, and 25 words per minute.<a href="#cite_note-US-CFR-Title-47-63">[57]</a>: §13.203(b) The word per minute rate would be close to the PARIS standard, and the code groups per minute would be close to the CODEX standard.

While the Federal Communications Commission no longer requires Morse code for amateur radio licenses, the old requirements were similar to the requirements for commercial radiotelegraph licenses.<a href="#cite_note-US-CFR-Title-47-63">[57]</a>: §97.503, 1996

A difference between amateur radio licenses and commercial radiotelegraph licenses is that commercial operators must be able to receive code groups of random characters along with plain language text. For each class of license, the code group speed requirement is slower than the plain language text requirement. For example, for the Radiotelegraph Operator License, the examinee must pass a 20 word per minute plain text test and a 16 word per minute code group test.<a href="#cite_note-FCC-radiotelegraph-33">[31]</a>

Based upon a 50 dit duration standard word such as PARIS, the time for one dit duration or one unit can be computed by the formula:

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</style>⁠1,200/W⁠</dd></dl>

where: T is the unit time, or dit duration in milliseconds, and W is the speed in <a href="Words_per_minute" title="Words per minute">WPM</a>.

<a href="High-speed_telegraphy" title="High-speed telegraphy">High-speed telegraphy</a> contests are held; according to the <a href="Guinness_Book_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of Records">Guinness Book of Records</a> in June 2005 at the <a href="International_Amateur_Radio_Union" title="International Amateur Radio Union">International Amateur Radio Union</a>'s 6th World Championship in High Speed Telegraphy in <a href="Primorsko" title="Primorsko">Primorsko</a>, Bulgaria, Andrei Bindasov of <a href="Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> transmitted 230 Morse code marks of mixed text in one minute.<a href="#cite_note-Guinness-records-Morse-64">[58]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farnsworth_speed">Farnsworth speed</h3></div>

Sometimes, especially while teaching Morse code, the timing rules above are changed so two different speeds are used: A character speed and a text speed. The character speed is how fast each individual letter is sent. The text speed is how fast the entire message is sent. For example, individual characters may be sent at a 13 words-per-minute rate, but the intercharacter and interword gaps may be lengthened so the word rate is only 5 words per minute.

Using different character and text speeds is, in fact, a common practice, and is used in the Farnsworth method of <a href="#Learning_methods">learning Morse code</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_display_of_common_characters_in_International_Morse_code">Alternative display of common characters in International Morse code</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman coding</a></div>

Some methods of teaching Morse code use a <a href="Dichotomic_search" title="Dichotomic search">dichotomic search</a> table.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Learning_methods">Learning methods</h2></div>

People learning Morse code using the Farnsworth method are taught to send and receive letters and other symbols at their full target speed, that is with normal relative timing of the dits, dahs, and spaces within each symbol for that speed. The Farnsworth method is named for Donald R. "Russ" Farnsworth, also known by his <a href="Call_sign" title="Call sign">call sign</a>, W6TTB. However, initially exaggerated spaces between symbols and words are used, to give "thinking time" to make the sound "shape" of the letters and symbols easier to learn. The spacing can then be reduced with practice and familiarity.

Another popular teaching method is the Koch method, invented in 1935 by the German engineer and former <a href="Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">stormtrooper</a> Ludwig Koch,<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> which uses the full target speed from the outset but begins with just two characters. Once strings containing those two characters can be copied with 90% accuracy, an additional character is added, and so on until the full character set is mastered.

In North America, many thousands of individuals have increased their code recognition speed (after initial memorization of the characters) by listening to the regularly scheduled code practice transmissions broadcast by <a href="W1AW" title="W1AW">W1AW</a>, the American Radio Relay League's headquarters station.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> As of 2015, the United States military taught Morse code as an 81-day self-paced course, having phased out more traditional classes.<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mnemonics">Mnemonics</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Morse_code_mnemonics" title="Morse code mnemonics">Morse code mnemonics</a></div>

Visual mnemonic charts have been devised over the ages. <a href="Robert_Baden-Powell%2C_1st_Baron_Baden-Powell" title="Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell">Baden-Powell</a> included one in the <a href="Girl_Guides" title="Girl Guides">Girl Guides</a> handbook<a href="#cite_note-Baden-Powell-1938-68">[62]</a> in 1918.

In the United Kingdom, many people learned the Morse code by means of a series of words or phrases that have the same rhythm as a Morse character. For instance, Q in Morse is dah dah di dah , which can be memorized by the phrase "<a href="God_Save_the_Queen" class="mw-redirect" title="God Save the Queen">God Save the Queen</a>", and the Morse for F is di di dah dit , which can be memorized as "Did she like it?"<a href="#cite_note-71">[g]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters,_numbers,_punctuation,_prosigns_for_Morse_code_and_non-Latin_variants">Letters, numbers, punctuation, prosigns for Morse code and non-Latin variants</h2></div>

<th>Category</th>

<th>Character</th>

<th>Code

</th></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f3\/A_morse_code.ogg\/A_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"A morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/A_morse_code.ogg/A_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b1\/B_morse_code.ogg\/B_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"B morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/B_morse_code.ogg/B_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/25\/C_morse_code.ogg\/C_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"C morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/C_morse_code.ogg/C_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/92\/D_morse_code.ogg\/D_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"D morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/D_morse_code.ogg/D_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e7\/E_morse_code.ogg\/E_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"E morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/E_morse_code.ogg/E_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/63\/F_morse_code.ogg\/F_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"F morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/F_morse_code.ogg/F_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/72\/G_morse_code.ogg\/G_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"G morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/G_morse_code.ogg/G_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/93\/H_morse_code.ogg\/H_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"H morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/H_morse_code.ogg/H_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-9" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d9\/I_morse_code.ogg\/I_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"I morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/I_morse_code.ogg/I_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-10" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9e\/J_morse_code.ogg\/J_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"J morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/J_morse_code.ogg/J_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><a href="K" title="K">K, k</a> <a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosign</a> for general invitation to transmit</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-11" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6a\/K_morse_code.ogg\/K_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"K morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/K_morse_code.ogg/K_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-12" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a8\/L_morse_code.ogg\/L_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"L morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/L_morse_code.ogg/L_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-13" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/97\/M_morse_code.ogg\/M_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"M morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/M_morse_code.ogg/M_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-14" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5a\/N_morse_code.ogg\/N_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"N morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/N_morse_code.ogg/N_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-15" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/41\/O_morse_code.ogg\/O_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"O morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/O_morse_code.ogg/O_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-16" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c6\/P_morse_code.ogg\/P_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"P morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/P_morse_code.ogg/P_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-17" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f0\/Q_morse_code.ogg\/Q_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Q morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Q_morse_code.ogg/Q_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-18" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ea\/R_morse_code.ogg\/R_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"R morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/R_morse_code.ogg/R_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-19" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d8\/S_morse_code.ogg\/S_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"S morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/S_morse_code.ogg/S_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-20" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/ba\/T_morse_code.ogg\/T_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"T morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/T_morse_code.ogg/T_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-21" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/34\/U_morse_code.ogg\/U_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"U morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/U_morse_code.ogg/U_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-22" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/37\/V_morse_code.ogg\/V_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"V morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/V_morse_code.ogg/V_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-23" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/68\/W_morse_code.ogg\/W_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"W morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/W_morse_code.ogg/W_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-24" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/be\/X_morse_code.ogg\/X_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"X morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/X_morse_code.ogg/X_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-25" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5d\/Y_morse_code.ogg\/Y_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Y morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Y_morse_code.ogg/Y_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Letters</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-26" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7a\/Z_morse_code.ogg\/Z_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Z morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Z_morse_code.ogg/Z_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Numbers</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-27" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5d\/0_number_morse_code.ogg\/0_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"0 number morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/0_number_morse_code.ogg/0_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Numbers</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-28" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9b\/1_number_morse_code.ogg\/1_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"1 number morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/1_number_morse_code.ogg/1_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Numbers</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-29" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ee\/2_number_morse_code.ogg\/2_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"2 number morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/2_number_morse_code.ogg/2_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Numbers</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-30" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fd\/3_number_morse_code.ogg\/3_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"3 number morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/3_number_morse_code.ogg/3_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Numbers</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-31" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5c\/4_number_morse_code.ogg\/4_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"4 number morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/4_number_morse_code.ogg/4_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Numbers</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-32" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/52\/5_number_morse_code.ogg\/5_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"5 number morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/5_number_morse_code.ogg/5_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Numbers</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-33" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4d\/6_number_morse_code.ogg\/6_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"6 number morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/6_number_morse_code.ogg/6_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Numbers</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-34" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/14\/7_number_morse_code.ogg\/7_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"7 number morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/7_number_morse_code.ogg/7_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Numbers</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-35" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3a\/8_number_morse_code.ogg\/8_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"8 number morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/8_number_morse_code.ogg/8_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Numbers</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-36" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/44\/9_number_morse_code.ogg\/9_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"9 number morse code.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/9_number_morse_code.ogg/9_number_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Punctuation</td>

<td><a href="Full_stop" title="Full stop">Period</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.</code>)</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-37" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8a\/Morse_Code_-_Period.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Period.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Period.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/Morse_Code_-_Period.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Period.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Punctuation</td>

<td><a href="Comma_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comma (punctuation)">Comma</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">,</code>)</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-38" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/24\/Morse_Code_-_Comma.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Comma.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Comma.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Morse_Code_-_Comma.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Comma.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Punctuation</td>

<td><a href="Question_mark" title="Question mark">Question mark</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">?</code>)</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-39" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c4\/Morse_Code_-_Question_Mark.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Question_Mark.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Question Mark.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Morse_Code_-_Question_Mark.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Question_Mark.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Punctuation</td>

<td><a href="Apostrophe_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostrophe (punctuation)">Apostrophe</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">'</code>)<a href="#cite_note-seconds_mark_note-72">[h]</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-40" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c1\/Morse_Code_-_Apostrope.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Apostrope.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Apostrope.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c1/Morse_Code_-_Apostrope.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Apostrope.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Nonstandard punctuation<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a></td>

<td><a href="Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">Exclamation point</a>, (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">!</code>) KW <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a><a href="#cite_note-exclamation_note-74">[j]</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-41" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/20\/Morse_Code_-_Exclamation_Point.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Exclamation_Point.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Exclamation Point.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/Morse_Code_-_Exclamation_Point.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Exclamation_Point.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Punctuation</td>

<td><a href="Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)"> Slash </a> or <a href="Fraction_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraction (mathematics)">Fraction bar</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/</code>) DN <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-42" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/49\/Morse_Code_-_Slash.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Slash.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Slash.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Morse_Code_-_Slash.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Slash.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Punctuation</td>

<td><a href="Parenthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenthesis"> Open parenthesis</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">(</code>) KN <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a>; unofficial <a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">prosign</a> for exclusive invitation to transmit</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-43" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a5\/Morse_Code_-_Parenthesis_%28Open%29.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Parenthesis_%28Open%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Parenthesis (Open).ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Morse_Code_-_Parenthesis_%28Open%29.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Parenthesis_%28Open%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Punctuation</td>

<td><a href="Parenthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenthesis"> Close parenthesis</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">)</code>) KK <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-44" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e4\/Morse_Code_-_Parenthesis_%28Close%29.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Parenthesis_%28Close%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Parenthesis (Close).ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Morse_Code_-_Parenthesis_%28Close%29.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Parenthesis_%28Close%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Nonstandard punctuation<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a></td>

<td><a href="Ampersand" title="Ampersand">Ampersand</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&</code>)<a href="#cite_note-E_S_for_&_note-75">[k]</a> AS <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a>; <a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">prosign</a> for wait</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-45" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/10\/Morse_Code_-_Ampersand.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Ampersand.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Ampersand.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/Morse_Code_-_Ampersand.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Ampersand.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Punctuation</td>

<td><a href="Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)"> Colon</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">:</code>)</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-46" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e3\/Morse_Code_-_Colon.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Colon.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Colon.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Morse_Code_-_Colon.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Colon.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Nonstandard punctuation<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a></td>

<td><a href="Semicolon" title="Semicolon">Semicolon</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">;</code>)</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-47" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/03\/Morse_Code_-_Semicolon.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Semicolon.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Semicolon.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Morse_Code_-_Semicolon.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Semicolon.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Punctuation</td>

<td><a href="Equal_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal sign"> Double dash</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">=</code>) BT <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a>; <a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">prosign</a> for new section or new paragraph</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-48" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/48\/Morse_Code_-_Equals.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Equals.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Equals.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Morse_Code_-_Equals.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Equals.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Punctuation</td>

<td><a href="Plus_and_minus_signs" title="Plus and minus signs"> Plus sign</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">+</code>) RN <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a>; <a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">prosign</a> for new message or new page</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-49" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c4\/Morse_Code_-_Plus.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Plus.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Plus.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Morse_Code_-_Plus.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Plus.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Punctuation</td>

<td><a href="Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphen</a> or <a href="Plus_and_minus_signs" title="Plus and minus signs"> Minus sign</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">-</code>)</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-50" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e7\/Morse_Code_-_Hyphen%2C_Minus.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Hyphen%2C_Minus.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Hyphen, Minus.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Morse_Code_-_Hyphen%2C_Minus.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Hyphen%2C_Minus.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Nonstandard punctuation<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a></td>

<td><a href="Underscore" title="Underscore"> Underscore</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">_</code>)<a href="#cite_note-underscore_note-77">[l]</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-51" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8c\/Morse_Code_-_Underscore.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Underscore.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Underscore.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Morse_Code_-_Underscore.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Underscore.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Punctuation</td>

<td><a href="Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">Quotation mark</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">"</code>)<a href="#cite_note-seconds_mark_note-72">[h]</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-52" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e9\/Morse_Code_-_Quotation_Mark.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Quotation_Mark.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Quotation Mark.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Morse_Code_-_Quotation_Mark.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Quotation_Mark.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Nonstandard punctuation<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a></td>

<td><a href="Dollar_sign" title="Dollar sign">Dollar sign</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">$</code>) SX <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-53" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4a\/Morse_Code_-_Dollar_Sign.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Dollar_Sign.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Dollar Sign.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Morse_Code_-_Dollar_Sign.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Dollar_Sign.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>Punctuation</td>

<td><a href="Commercial_at" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial at">At sign</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">@</code>) AC <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-54" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/87\/Morse_Code_-_At_%28Commercial_At%29.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_At_%28Commercial_At%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - At (Commercial At).ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/Morse_Code_-_At_%28Commercial_At%29.ogg/Morse_Code_-_At_%28Commercial_At%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td><a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns</a></td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">End of work</code> SK <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-55" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a1\/Morse_Prosign_-_End_of_Work.oga\/Morse_Prosign_-_End_of_Work.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Prosign - End of Work.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Morse_Prosign_-_End_of_Work.oga/Morse_Prosign_-_End_of_Work.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td><a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns</a></td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">Error</code> HH <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-56" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fd\/Morse_Prosign_-_Error.oga\/Morse_Prosign_-_Error.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Prosign - Error.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Morse_Prosign_-_Error.oga/Morse_Prosign_-_Error.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td><a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns</a></td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">General invitation to transmit</code> Also used for letter K</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-57" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/82\/Morse_Prosign_-_Invitation_to_Transmit.oga\/Morse_Prosign_-_Invitation_to_Transmit.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Prosign - Invitation to Transmit.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/Morse_Prosign_-_Invitation_to_Transmit.oga/Morse_Prosign_-_Invitation_to_Transmit.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td><a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns</a></td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">Starting signal</code> CT <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-58" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9d\/Morse_Prosign_-_Starting_Signal.oga\/Morse_Prosign_-_Starting_Signal.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Prosign - Starting Signal.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/Morse_Prosign_-_Starting_Signal.oga/Morse_Prosign_-_Starting_Signal.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td><a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns</a></td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">New message follows</code> RN <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a>; message or page separator<a href="#cite_note-78">[m]</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-59" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c4\/Morse_Code_-_Plus.ogg\/Morse_Code_-_Plus.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Code - Plus.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Morse_Code_-_Plus.ogg/Morse_Code_-_Plus.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td><a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns</a></td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">Verified</code> Also used for letter <a href="%C5%9C" title="Ŝ">Ŝ</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-60" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2e\/Morse_Prosign_-_Understood.oga\/Morse_Prosign_-_Understood.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Prosign - Understood.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Morse_Prosign_-_Understood.oga/Morse_Prosign_-_Understood.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td><a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns</a></td>

<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">Wait</code> Proposed for use as <a href="Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a> (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">&</code>)<a href="#cite_note-E_S_for_&_note-75">[k]</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-61" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fc\/Morse_Prosign_-_Wait.oga\/Morse_Prosign_-_Wait.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Morse Prosign - Wait.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Morse_Prosign_-_Wait.oga/Morse_Prosign_-_Wait.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C3%80" title="À">À, à</a> Code shared with Å</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-62" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/80\/%C3%80%2C_%C3%85_morse_code.oga\/%C3%80%2C_%C3%85_morse_code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00c0, \u00c5 morse code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/%C3%80%2C_%C3%85_morse_code.oga/%C3%80%2C_%C3%85_morse_code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä, ä</a> Code shared with Æ ,Ą</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-63" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/66\/%C3%84%2C_%C3%86%2C_%C4%84_morse_code.oga\/%C3%84%2C_%C3%86%2C_%C4%84_morse_code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00c4, \u00c6, \u0104 morse code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/%C3%84%2C_%C3%86%2C_%C4%84_morse_code.oga/%C3%84%2C_%C3%86%2C_%C4%84_morse_code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C3%85" title="Å">Å, å</a> Code shared with À</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-64" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/80\/%C3%80%2C_%C3%85_morse_code.oga\/%C3%80%2C_%C3%85_morse_code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00c0, \u00c5 morse code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/%C3%80%2C_%C3%85_morse_code.oga/%C3%80%2C_%C3%85_morse_code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C4%84" title="Ą">Ą, ą</a> Code shared with Ä ,Æ</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-65" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/66\/%C3%84%2C_%C3%86%2C_%C4%84_morse_code.oga\/%C3%84%2C_%C3%86%2C_%C4%84_morse_code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00c4, \u00c6, \u0104 morse code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/%C3%84%2C_%C3%86%2C_%C4%84_morse_code.oga/%C3%84%2C_%C3%86%2C_%C4%84_morse_code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ, æ</a> Code shared with Ä ,Ą</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-66" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/66\/%C3%84%2C_%C3%86%2C_%C4%84_morse_code.oga\/%C3%84%2C_%C3%86%2C_%C4%84_morse_code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00c4, \u00c6, \u0104 morse code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/%C3%84%2C_%C3%86%2C_%C4%84_morse_code.oga/%C3%84%2C_%C3%86%2C_%C4%84_morse_code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C4%86" title="Ć">Ć, ć</a> Code shared with Ĉ ,Ç</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-67" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f7\/%C3%87%2C%C4%88%2C%C4%86_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%87%2C%C4%88%2C%C4%86_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00c7,\u0108,\u0106 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/%C3%87%2C%C4%88%2C%C4%86_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%87%2C%C4%88%2C%C4%86_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C4%88" title="Ĉ">Ĉ, ĉ</a> Code shared with Ć , Ç</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-68" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f7\/%C3%87%2C%C4%88%2C%C4%86_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%87%2C%C4%88%2C%C4%86_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00c7,\u0108,\u0106 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/%C3%87%2C%C4%88%2C%C4%86_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%87%2C%C4%88%2C%C4%86_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C3%87" title="Ç">Ç, ç</a> Code shared with Ć ,Ĉ</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-69" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f7\/%C3%87%2C%C4%88%2C%C4%86_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%87%2C%C4%88%2C%C4%86_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00c7,\u0108,\u0106 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/%C3%87%2C%C4%88%2C%C4%86_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%87%2C%C4%88%2C%C4%86_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">CH, ch</a> Code shared with Ĥ ,Š</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-70" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3f\/CH%2C_%C4%A4%2C_%C5%A0_Morse_Code.oga\/CH%2C_%C4%A4%2C_%C5%A0_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"CH, \u0124, \u0160 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/CH%2C_%C4%A4%2C_%C5%A0_Morse_Code.oga/CH%2C_%C4%A4%2C_%C5%A0_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C4%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Đ">Đ, đ</a> (<a href="D_with_stroke" title="D with stroke">D with stroke</a>) Code shared with <a href="%C3%89" title="É">É</a><a href="#cite_note-solo-É-79">[n]</a>, <a href="%C4%98" title="Ę">Ę</a>; distinct from <a href="Eth" title="Eth">eth</a> (Ð, ð)</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-71" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/57\/%C3%89%2C_%C4%91%2C_%C4%98_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%89%2C_%C4%91%2C_%C4%98_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00c9, \u0111, \u0118 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/%C3%89%2C_%C4%91%2C_%C4%98_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%89%2C_%C4%91%2C_%C4%98_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">Ð, ð</a> ( <a href="Eth" title="Eth">Edh or eth</a>) Distinct from <a href="D_with_stroke" title="D with stroke">D with stroke</a> ( Đ, đ)</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-72" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/89\/%C3%90_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%90_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00d0 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/%C3%90_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%90_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C3%89" title="É">É, é</a><a href="#cite_note-solo-É-79">[n]</a> Code shared with Đ ,Ę</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-73" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/57\/%C3%89%2C_%C4%91%2C_%C4%98_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%89%2C_%C4%91%2C_%C4%98_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00c9, \u0111, \u0118 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/%C3%89%2C_%C4%91%2C_%C4%98_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%89%2C_%C4%91%2C_%C4%98_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C3%88" title="È">È, è</a> Code shared with Ł</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-74" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/86\/%C3%88%2C_%C5%81_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%88%2C_%C5%81_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00c8, \u0141 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/%C3%88%2C_%C5%81_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%88%2C_%C5%81_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C4%98" title="Ę">Ę, ę</a> Code shared with Đ ,É<a href="#cite_note-solo-É-79">[n]</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-75" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/57\/%C3%89%2C_%C4%91%2C_%C4%98_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%89%2C_%C4%91%2C_%C4%98_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00c9, \u0111, \u0118 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/%C3%89%2C_%C4%91%2C_%C4%98_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%89%2C_%C4%91%2C_%C4%98_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-76" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d2\/%C4%9C_Morse_Code.oga\/%C4%9C_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u011c Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/%C4%9C_Morse_Code.oga/%C4%9C_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C4%A4" title="Ĥ">Ĥ, ĥ</a> Code shared with CH , Š</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-77" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3f\/CH%2C_%C4%A4%2C_%C5%A0_Morse_Code.oga\/CH%2C_%C4%A4%2C_%C5%A0_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"CH, \u0124, \u0160 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/CH%2C_%C4%A4%2C_%C5%A0_Morse_Code.oga/CH%2C_%C4%A4%2C_%C5%A0_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-78" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fa\/%C4%B4_Morse_Code.oga\/%C4%B4_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u0134 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/%C4%B4_Morse_Code.oga/%C4%B4_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C5%81" title="Ł">Ł, ł</a> Code shared with È</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-79" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/86\/%C3%88%2C_%C5%81_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%88%2C_%C5%81_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00c8, \u0141 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/%C3%88%2C_%C5%81_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%88%2C_%C5%81_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C5%83" title="Ń">Ń, ń</a> Code shared with Ñ</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-80" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/05\/%C3%91%2C_%C5%83_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%91%2C_%C5%83_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00d1, \u0143 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/%C3%91%2C_%C5%83_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%91%2C_%C5%83_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C3%91" title="Ñ">Ñ, ñ</a> Code shared with Ń</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-81" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/05\/%C3%91%2C_%C5%83_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%91%2C_%C5%83_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00d1, \u0143 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/%C3%91%2C_%C5%83_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%91%2C_%C5%83_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C3%93" title="Ó">Ó, ó</a> Code shared with Ö ,Ø ,<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">!</code><a href="#cite_note-exclamation_note-74">[j]</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-82" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d0\/%C3%96%2C_%C3%98%2C_%C3%93_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%96%2C_%C3%98%2C_%C3%93_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00d6, \u00d8, \u00d3 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/%C3%96%2C_%C3%98%2C_%C3%93_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%96%2C_%C3%98%2C_%C3%93_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö, ö</a> Code shared with Ó ,Ø ,<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">!</code><a href="#cite_note-exclamation_note-74">[j]</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-83" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d0\/%C3%96%2C_%C3%98%2C_%C3%93_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%96%2C_%C3%98%2C_%C3%93_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00d6, \u00d8, \u00d3 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/%C3%96%2C_%C3%98%2C_%C3%93_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%96%2C_%C3%98%2C_%C3%93_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C3%98" title="Ø">Ø, ø</a> Code shared with Ó ,Ö ,<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">!</code><a href="#cite_note-exclamation_note-74">[j]</a></td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-84" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d0\/%C3%96%2C_%C3%98%2C_%C3%93_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%96%2C_%C3%98%2C_%C3%93_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00d6, \u00d8, \u00d3 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/%C3%96%2C_%C3%98%2C_%C3%93_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%96%2C_%C3%98%2C_%C3%93_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-85" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/08\/%C5%9A_Morse_Code.oga\/%C5%9A_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u015a Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/%C5%9A_Morse_Code.oga/%C5%9A_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C5%9C" title="Ŝ">Ŝ, ŝ</a> <a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosign</a> for verified</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-86" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cb\/%C5%9C_Morse_Code.oga\/%C5%9C_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u015c Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/%C5%9C_Morse_Code.oga/%C5%9C_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C5%A0" title="Š">Š, š</a> Code shared with CH ,Ĥ</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-87" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3f\/CH%2C_%C4%A4%2C_%C5%A0_Morse_Code.oga\/CH%2C_%C4%A4%2C_%C5%A0_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"CH, \u0124, \u0160 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/CH%2C_%C4%A4%2C_%C5%A0_Morse_Code.oga/CH%2C_%C4%A4%2C_%C5%A0_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-88" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8c\/%C3%9E_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%9E_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00de Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/%C3%9E_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%9E_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ü, ü</a> Code shared with Ŭ</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-89" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a8\/%C3%9C%2C_%C5%AC_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%9C%2C_%C5%AC_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00dc, \u016c Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/%C3%9C%2C_%C5%AC_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%9C%2C_%C5%AC_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><a href="%C5%AC" title="Ŭ">Ŭ, ŭ</a> Code shared with Ü</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-90" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a8\/%C3%9C%2C_%C5%AC_Morse_Code.oga\/%C3%9C%2C_%C5%AC_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u00dc, \u016c Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/%C3%9C%2C_%C5%AC_Morse_Code.oga/%C3%9C%2C_%C5%AC_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-91" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/25\/%C5%B9_Morse_Code.oga\/%C5%B9_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u0179 Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/%C5%B9_Morse_Code.oga/%C5%B9_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr>

<td>non-Latin<a href="#cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">[i]</a> extensions</td>

<td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-92" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f1\/%C5%BB_Morse_Code.oga\/%C5%BB_Morse_Code.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1268038863\">.mw-parser-output .morse{font-family:monospace;font-size:37.5%;vertical-align:.75em;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output .morse~.morse::before{content:\"\\a0 \"}<\/style>&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u017b Morse Code.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/%C5%BB_Morse_Code.oga/%C5%BB_Morse_Code.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a>ⓘ

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cut_numbers">Cut numbers</h3></div>

Most numbers have an unofficial short-form, given in the table below. They are only used when both the sender and the receiver understand that numbers, and not letters, are intended; for example, one often sees the most common <a href="R-S-T_system" title="R-S-T system">R-S-T signal report</a> rendered as 5NN<a href="#double_dagger_anchor">[‡]</a> instead of 599.

<caption> Cut numbers

</caption>

<th>Intended digit

</th>

<th>"Cut" number code

</th>

<th> Same as code in Intl. Morse <a href="#asterisk_anchor">[*]</a>

</th>

<th> Normal code (long form) <a href="#asterisk_anchor">[*]</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>0

</th>

<td> ▄▄▄

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">T

</td>

<td>  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>1

</th>

<td> ▄ ▄▄▄

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">A

</td>

<td>  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>2

</th>

<td> ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">U

</td>

<td>  ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>3

</th>

<td> ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">V

</td>

<td>  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>4

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>5

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>6

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>7

</th>

<td> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">B

</td>

<td>  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>8

</th>

<td> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">D

</td>

<td>  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>9

</th>

<td> ▄▄▄ ▄

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">N

</td>

<td>  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>.

</th>

<td> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄

</td>

<td style="text-align:center;">K

</td>

<td>  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄

</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>

Table notes

<table>

<td>Codes that are not cut numbers, or are not numbers, are shaded grey in the table.

</td></tr>

<td>There are no distinct cut-number codes for 4 or 6, since cut numbers are made by reducing multiple dahs in the standard Morse number codes to only one dah, but keeping all the dits as-is; digits 4 and 6 already only have one dah.

</td></tr>

<td>Some operators just send the standard code for 5, even when using other cut numbers, since five dits are still fairly short (same duration as cut 3 and cut 7), and one might imagine a single dit possibly being misinterpreted as either a mistaken cut 1 or cut decimal point.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosigns">Prosigns</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns for Morse code</a></div>

Prosigns for Morse code are special (usually) unwritten procedural signals or symbols that are used to indicate changes in <a href="Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">communications protocol</a> status or <a href="White_space_(visual_arts)" title="White space (visual arts)">white space</a> text formatting actions.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbol_representations">Symbol representations</h3></div>

The symbols !, $, and & are not defined inside the official <a href="ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a> International Morse Code Recommendation,<a href="#cite_note-ITU-R-M-1677-2">[2]</a> but informal conventions for them exist. (The @ symbol was formally added in 2004. The % and ‰ symbols have recommended ~transcriptions.<a href="#cite_note-ITU-R-M-1677-2">[2]</a>)

<dl><dt>Exclamation mark</dt>

<dd>There is no standard representation for the exclamation mark !, although the KW <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> ( ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ) was proposed in the 1980s by the <a href="Heathkit" title="Heathkit">Heathkit</a> Company.<a href="#cite_note-80">[o]</a> While Morse code translation software prefers the Heathkit version, on-air use is not yet universal, as some amateur radio operators in North America and the Caribbean continue to use the older MN digraph ( ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ )<a href="#cite_note-exclamation_note-74">[j]</a> copied over from <a href="American_Morse_code" title="American Morse code">American Morse landline code</a>.</dd>

<dt>Currency symbols</dt>

<dd>The ITU has never formally codified any <a href="Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">currency symbols</a> into Morse code: The unambiguous <a href="ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a> currency codes are preferred for transmission (<a href="CNY" class="mw-redirect" title="CNY">CNY</a>, <a href="EUR" class="mw-redirect" title="EUR">EUR</a>, <a href="GBP" class="mw-redirect" title="GBP">GBP</a>, <a href="JPY" class="mw-redirect" title="JPY">JPY</a>, <a href="South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">KRW</a>, <a href="USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>, etc.).</dd>

<dd>The $ sign code was represented in the <a href="Phillips_Code" title="Phillips Code">Phillips Code</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[p]</a> as two characters "SX", which became merged into SX ( ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ).</dd>

<dt>Ampersand [&]</dt>

<dd>The suggested unofficial encoding of the <a href="Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a> & sign listed above,<a href="#cite_note-E_S_for_&_note-75">[k]</a> often shown as AS, is also the official Morse <a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">prosign</a> for wait. In addition, the <a href="American_Morse_code" title="American Morse code">American Morse encoding</a> for an ampersand ( ▄  ▄ ▄ ▄ ) was similar to ES ( ▄  ▄ ▄ ▄ ) and <a href="Amateur_radio_operators" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur radio operators">hams</a> have nearly universally carried over this use as an abbreviation for "and" (e.g. WX HR COLD ES RAINY "the weather here is cold and rainy").</dd>

<dt>Keyboard "at" sign [@]</dt>

<dd>On 24 May 2004 – the 160th anniversary of the first public Morse telegraph transmission – the Radiocommunication Bureau of the International Telecommunication Union (<a href="ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a>) formally added the @ ("<a href="Commercial_at" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial at">commercial at</a>" or "commat") character to the official Morse character set, using the sequence denoted by the AC digraph:  ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  .<a href="#cite_note-ITU-R-M-1677-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ARRL-News-2003-12-10-82">[66]</a></dd>

<dd>This sequence was reported to have been chosen to represent "A[t] C[ommercial]", or a letter "a" inside a swirl represented by a letter "C". The new character facilitates sending <a href="Email" title="Email">e‑mail</a> addresses by Morse code, and is notable since it is the first official addition to the Morse set of characters since <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ARRL-News-2003-12-10-82">[66]</a></dd>

<dt>Percent [%] and permille [‰] signs</dt>

<dd><a href="Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">Percent</a> and <a href="Per_mille_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Per mille sign">permille</a> signs should be encoded with zeroes and slash. From the preceding number they should be separated by dash, so e.g. “2%” would be transcribed as “2-0/0”.<a href="#cite_note-ITU-R-M-1677-2">[2]</a></dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritics_and_non-Latin_extensions">Diacritics and non-Latin extensions </h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Morse code for non-Latin alphabets</a></div>

The typical tactic for creating Morse codes for <a href="Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> and non-<a href="Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> alphabetic scripts has been to begin by simply re-using the International Morse codes already used for letters whose sound matches the sound of the local alphabet. Because <a href="Gerke_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerke code">Gerke code</a> (the predecessor to International Morse) was in official use in central Europe,<a href="#cite_note-Deutsch-Österreich-Telegr-1851-25">[23]</a> and included four characters not included in the International Morse standard (Ä, Ö, Ü, and CH), these four have served as a beginning-point for other languages that use an <a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabetic</a> script, but require codes for letters not accommodated by International Morse.

The usual method has been to first transliterate the sounds represented by the International code and the four unique Gerke codes into the local alphabet, hence <a href="Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Greek, Hebrew</a>, <a href="Russian_Morse_code" title="Russian Morse code">Russian, and Ukrainian</a> Morse codes. If more codes are needed, one can either invent a new code or convert an otherwise unused code from either code set to the non-Latin letter. For example:

<ul><li><a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> letter <a href="%C3%91" title="Ñ">Ñ</a> in Spanish Morse is  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ; it is a unique code specific to the Spanish language (although also used elsewhere for equivalent <a href="%C5%83" title="Ń">Ń</a>), and is not used in either International Morse nor in Gerke Morse.</li>

<li>For the <a href="Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek letter</a> <a href="%CE%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ψ">Ψ</a>, <a href="Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Greek Morse code</a> uses the International Morse code for <a href="Q" title="Q">Q</a>,  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ , which has no corresponding letter in modern Greek. Other than the code being otherwise unused, the choice is arbitrary: <a href="%CE%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ψ">Ψ</a> and <a href="Q" title="Q">Q</a> have no historical, phonetic, or shape relationship.</li></ul>

For <a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="Russian_Morse_code" title="Russian Morse code">Russian Morse code</a> maps the <a href="Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic characters</a> to four-element codes. Many of those characters are encoded the same as their <a href="Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> look-alikes or sound-alikes (A, O, E, I, T, M, N, R, K, etc.). The <a href="Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Bulgarian alphabet</a> contains 30 characters, which exactly matches the number of all possible <a href="Permutation" title="Permutation">permutations</a> of 1, 2, 3, and 4 dits and dahs (Russian Ы is used as Bulgarian Ь, Russian Ь is used as Bulgarian Ъ). Russian requires two more codes, for the letters <a href="%D0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Э">Э</a> and <a href="%D0%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ъ">Ъ</a> which are each encoded with 5 elements.

Non-<a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabetic</a> scripts require more radical adaption. Japanese Morse code (<a href="Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun code</a>) has a separate encoding for <a href="Kana" title="Kana">kana</a> script; although many of the codes are used for International Morse, the sounds they represent are mostly unrelated. The Japanese / <a href="Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun</a> code includes special <a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">prosigns</a> for switching back-and-forth from International Morse:  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  signals a switch from International Morse to <a href="Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun</a>, and  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  to return from <a href="Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun</a> to International Morse.

For <a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="Chinese_telegraph_code" title="Chinese telegraph code">Chinese telegraph code</a> is used to map <a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> to four-digit codes and send these digits out using standard Morse code. Korean Morse code<a href="#cite_note-dik-archive-83">[67]</a> uses the SKATS mapping, originally developed to allow Korean to be typed on western typewriters. SKATS maps <a href="Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a> characters to arbitrary letters of the <a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> and has no relationship to pronunciation in <a href="Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unusual_variants">Unusual variants</h3></div>

During early World War I (1914–1916), Germany briefly experimented with 'dotty' and 'dashy' Morse, in essence adding a dot or a dash at the end of each Morse symbol. Each one was quickly broken by Allied SIGINT, and standard Morse was resumed by Spring 1916. Only a small percentage of Western Front (<a href="North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a> and <a href="Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>) traffic was in 'dotty' or 'dashy' Morse during the entire war. In popular culture, this is mostly remembered in the book <a href="The_Codebreakers" title="The Codebreakers">The Codebreakers</a> by <a href="David_Kahn_(writer)" title="David Kahn (writer)">David Kahn</a> and in the national archives of the UK and Australia (whose <a href="SIGINT" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGINT">SIGINT</a> operators copied most of this Morse variant). Kahn's cited sources come from the popular press and wireless magazines of the time.<a href="#cite_note-Wythoff-2014-84">[68]</a>

Other variations include forms of "fractional Morse" or "fractionated Morse", which recombine the characters of the Morse code–encoded message and then encrypt them using a cipher in order to disguise the text.<a href="#cite_note-Quadibloc-pp1323-85">[69]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decoding_software">Decoding software</h2></div>

Decoding software for Morse code ranges from software-defined wide-band radio receivers, coupled to the Reverse Beacon Network,<a href="#cite_note-Reverse-Beacon-86">[70]</a> which decodes signals and detects CQ messages on <a href="Amateur_radio_frequency_allocations" title="Amateur radio frequency allocations">ham bands</a>, to smartphone applications.<a href="#cite_note-Ziegenhain-2013-87">[71]</a>

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<li><a href="Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li>

<li><a href="The_CW_Operators'_Club" title="The CW Operators' Club">CW Operators' Club</a></li>

<li><a href="Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li>

<li><a href="High-speed_telegraphy" title="High-speed telegraphy">High-speed telegraphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Hog-Morse" title="Hog-Morse">Hog-Morse</a></li>

<li><a href="Instructograph" title="Instructograph">Instructograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Keyer" title="Keyer">Keyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Morse_code_abbreviations" title="Morse code abbreviations">Morse code abbreviations</a></li>

<li><a href="Morse_code_mnemonics" title="Morse code mnemonics">Morse code mnemonics</a></li>

<li><a href="NATO_phonetic_alphabet" title="NATO phonetic alphabet">NATO phonetic alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_code" title="Radio code">Radio code</a></li>

<li><a href="Telegraph_key" title="Telegraph key">Telegraph key</a></li>

<li><a href="Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun code</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">Wireless telegraphy</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div>

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Until 1949, words were separated by a space equal to five dits.<a href="#cite_note-TR-Cairo-1938-6">[6]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> The time needed to transmit the word PARIS is typically used as the standard "word" for calculating the "word per minute" rate. Other standard "words" such as CODEX are also used.<a href="#cite_note-Army-1968-TM-11-459-8">[7]</a>

</li>

These modern "iambic" keys are operated by one or two "paddles" pressed left and right, instead of pressing down a lever, as in the traditional telegraph keys, pictured at the start of this article. Operating paddle keys is similar to using the old <a href="Vibroplex" title="Vibroplex">Vibroplex</a> clockwork telegraph keys: Pressing the paddle to the right generates a series of repeated dits until the paddle is released; pressing the paddle to the left produces a similar series of dahs; and with two-paddle electronic keys, squeezing the two paddles from both sides produces an alternating dit dah dit dah sequence.

For left-handed operators, the actions of the two paddles are often reversed.

</li>

The semiautomatic key paddle, when pressed to the right by the thumb, kicks a clockwork-like horizontal pendulum that generates a series of dits, the length and timing of which are controlled by a sliding the pendulum weight toward the rear of the unit. When pressed to the left by the knuckle of the index finger, the paddle generates a single dah, the length of which is controlled by the operator. Multiple dahs require multiple presses. Left-handed operators may use a key built as a mirror image of this one.

</li>

The name <a href="Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">continuous wave</a> was chosen to distinguish the single-frequency <a href="List_of_amateur_radio_modes" title="List of amateur radio modes">transmission mode</a> from the sliding-frequency <a href="Damped_wave_(radio_transmission)" title="Damped wave (radio transmission)">damped wave signals</a> from now-banned <a href="Spark-gap_transmitter" title="Spark-gap transmitter">spark-gap transmitters</a>. Although the modern ON / OFF signal itself is interrupted, not continuous, it does (ideally) maintain a single, constant frequency <a href="Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave">carrier wave</a> throughout any one transmission.

</li>

For people with severe disabilities, both one- and two-switch Morse can be difficult because both depend, to some extent, on timing. ... access products can also offer "three-switch Morse.". In three-switch Morse code, one switch signals dit, while another signals dah, just like two-switch Morse. But a third switch is used to indicate that the letter is complete. This removes the necessity of timing to send Morse code. – D.K. Anson (2018)<a href="#cite_note-Anson-2018-53">[48]</a>

</li>

A well-known Morse code rhythm from the Second World War period derives from <a href="Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">Fifth Symphony</a>, the opening phrase of which was regularly played at the beginning of BBC broadcasts. The timing of the notes corresponds to the Morse for V, di di di dah ( ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ), understood as "'V' for Victory".<a href="#cite_note-Stanley-2000-69">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Studwell-1997-70">[64]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-seconds_mark_note-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seconds_mark_note_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seconds_mark_note_72-1">b</a> When reporting bearings in degrees, minutes, and seconds of arc, the double quotation mark is never used; the symbol representing seconds is two apostrophes (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">''</code>).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-not-in-either-ITU-R-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not-in-either-ITU-R_73-34">ai</a> The character or symbol encoding is not in either <a href="ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a> M.1172<a href="#cite_note-ITU-R-M-1172-76">[65]</a> or <a href="ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a> M.1677-1 .<a href="#cite_note-ITU-R-M-1677-2">[2]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-exclamation_note-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-exclamation_note_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-exclamation_note_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-exclamation_note_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-exclamation_note_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-exclamation_note_74-4">e</a> MN or OE,  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ , which some telegraphers unofficially use for an exclamation mark !, is shared with unofficial letters Ö, Ó, and Ø used in some non-Latin alphabets.

</li>

The well-established standard abbreviation for and is E S, adapted from the code for <a href="Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a> in <a href="American_Morse_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="American Morse Code">Railroad Morse</a>. The code for E S ( ▄  ▄ ▄ ▄  ) is actually slightly shorter in duration than the wait prosign ( ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄  ), so there is no motivative to replace it.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-underscore_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-underscore_note_77-0">^</a> The underscore code is unofficial, so there is no prescription for using it. However, typically, when a whole word is meant to be underlined, the word begins with an underscore mark, followed by a letter space and the first letter of the word, and ends with the last letter of the word, followed by a letter space and another underscore mark. For example, read _MORSE_ as "Morse". Telegraphers may improvise other forms of use as needed (for example, for an underscore character embedded in a computer software keyword).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Single-line decoding display may use printed "+" for message separator prosign.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-solo-É-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-solo-É_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-solo-É_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-solo-É_79-2">c</a> Although not strictly a <a href="Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> character, the code for É is part of the <a href="ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a> Morse code standard, and is the only accented character included in the recommendation.<a href="#cite_note-ITU-R-M-1677-2">[2]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="Heathkit" title="Heathkit">Heathkit</a> was a popular, long-standing vendor of kits for amateur radio equipment.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> The <a href="Phillips_Code" title="Phillips Code">Phillips Code</a> was a huge collection of abbreviations used on land line telegraphy.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Gotthard morse key used by shortwave radio amateur <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qrz.com/db/HB9BFM">HB9BFM</a>. Retrieved 25 September 2021.

</li>

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United States Code of Federal Regulations

Title 47

§13.207(c), §13.209(d), §97.503 [1996]

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<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-speed-for-a-morse-code-transmission/">"Fastest speed for a Morse code transmission"</a>. Guinnessworldrecords.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703145315/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-speed-for-a-morse-code-transmission/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKoch1936" class="citation thesis cs1">Koch, Ludwig (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qrpforum.de/index.php?attachment/23748-kochdissertation-pdf/">Arbeitspsychologische Untersuchung der Tätigkeit bei der Aufnahme von Morsezeichen</a> (Dissertation). Technische Hochschule Carolo-Wilhelmina. 10247-549-4.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAmericanRadio" class="citation web cs1">AmericanRadio, RelayLeague. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/w1aw-operating-schedule">"W1AW Code Practice Schedule"</a>. ARRL. American Radio Relay League. Retrieved 3 June 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLinton2015" class="citation web cs1">Linton, Tanja (30 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.army.mil/article/147247/fort_huachuca_bids_farewell_to_morse_code_training">"Fort Huachuca bids farewell to Morse code training"</a>. US Army. Retrieved 29 May 2021.</cite>

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<cite id="CITEREFBaden-Powell1938" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Robert_Baden-Powell%2C_1st_Baron_Baden-Powell" title="Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell">Baden-Powell, Robert</a> (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oldscoutbooks.com/girlguiding.pdf">"Girl Guiding"</a> (PDF). Pearson. p. 61. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006042341/http://oldscoutbooks.com/girlguiding.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015. <q>Some people find it easier to remember the [dots] and dashes by picturing them as forming the letters ...(page 61)</q></cite>

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<cite id="CITEREFStanley2000" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, Glenn (2000). The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven. <a href="Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">Cambridge Companions to Music</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 269. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-58934-7</bdi>.</cite>

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<cite id="CITEREFStudwell1997" class="citation book cs1">Studwell, William Emmett (1997). The Americana Song Reader. Routledge. p. 62. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7890-0150-0</bdi>.</cite>

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<cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-M.1172/en">Miscellaneous abbreviations and signals to be used for radiocommunications in the maritime mobile service</a>. <a href="ITU-R" title="ITU-R">Radiocommunication Sector</a>. ITU.int (Report). ITU Recommendation. Geneva, CH: <a href="International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>. ITU-R M.1172.</cite>

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<cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203318/http://www.arrl.org/news/stories/2003/12/10/2/?nc=1">"International Morse code gets a new ITU home, new character"</a>. ARRL.org/news. Newington, CT: <a href="American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>. 10 December 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/news/stories/2003/12/10/2/?nc=1">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 27 February 2007.</cite>

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<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101109183046/http://homepages.cwi.nl/~dik/english/codes/morse.html">"Morse"</a>. homepages.cwi.nl/~dik. Codes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.cwi.nl/~dik/english/codes/morse.html">the original</a> on 9 November 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2021.</cite>

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<cite id="CITEREFWythoff2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Wythoff, Grant (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theappendix.net/issues/2014/7/the-invention-of-wireless-cryptography">"The Invention of Wireless Cryptography"</a>. The Appendix: Futures of the Past. Vol. 2, no. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141208040245/http://theappendix.net/issues/2014/7/the-invention-of-wireless-cryptography">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.</cite>

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<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quadibloc.com/crypto/pp1323.htm">"Fractionated Morse, and other oddities"</a>. Quadibloc.com. Crypto. Retrieved 21 November 2013.</cite>

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<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reversebeacon.net/">"Welcome! - Reverse Beacon Network"</a>. Reversebeacon.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912071400/http://reversebeacon.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.</cite>

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<cite id="CITEREFZiegenhain2013" class="citation web cs1">Ziegenhain, Gerolf (20 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gerolfziegenhain.wordpress.com/2013/05/20/morse-decoder-test-iphone-ipad/">"Morse decoder test – iPhone / iPad"</a>. Gerolfziegenhain.wordpress.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170727175641/https://gerolfziegenhain.wordpress.com/2013/05/20/morse-decoder-test-iphone-ipad/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2016.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Morse_code" class="extiw external" title="commons:Morse code">Morse code</a>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Morse-Code">"Morse code"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 October 2023.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Recreation/Radio/Amateur/Morse_Code/">"Morse code"</a>. Radio Amateur. <a href="Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a>.org. Recreation.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dxzone.com/catalog/Operating_Modes/Morse_code/">"Morse Code resources"</a>. DXZone.com.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.us/free/morse">"Morse code MP3 practice files"</a>. starling.us.</cite> — 200 hours of at increasing speeds plus an ASCII-to-CW file generator program.</li>

<li><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-petiNdCIY">International Morse code, hand sending</a>. YouTube (training film). <a href="United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>. 1966.</cite> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/R-petiNdCIY">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120707064749/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-petiNdCIY">Wayback Machine</a>:</li>

<li><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120707064836/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iC5RQNSSZH0">Technique of hand sending</a>. YouTube (training film). Morse code radio operator training. <a href="United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a>. 1944. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iC5RQNSSZH0">the original</a> on 7 July 2012.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/pdf-hell/article-hell-codw-sowp.pdf">"Codes of the World"</a> (PDF). nonstopsystems.com.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="International_Morse_code152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Transmission methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li>

<li><a href="On%E2%80%93off_keying" title="On–off keying">On–off keying</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">Continuous wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Modulated_continuous_wave" title="Modulated continuous wave">Modulated continuous wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Heliograph" title="Heliograph">Heliograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamp</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Notable signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Morse_code_mnemonics" title="Morse code mnemonics">Morse code mnemonics</a></li>

<li><a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns for Morse code</a></li>

<li><a href="Morse_code_abbreviations" title="Morse code abbreviations">Morse code abbreviations</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Other writing systems in Morse code</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Morse_code" title="American Morse code">American Morse code</a></li>

<li><a href="Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Greek" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Greek alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Cyrillic" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Cyrillic script</a>

<ul><li><a href="Russian_Morse_code" title="Russian Morse code">Russian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Hebrew" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Hebrew script</a></li>

<li><a href="Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Arabic" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Arabic script</a></li>

<li><a href="Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun code</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_telegraph_code" title="Chinese telegraph code">Chinese telegraph code</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a>

<ul><li><a href="Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a>

<ul><li><a href="Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li>

<li><a href="Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li>

<li><a href="Edholm's_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li>

<li><a href="Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li>

<li><a href="Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li>

<li><a href="Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li>

<li><a href="Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a>

<ul><li><a href="Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li>

<li><a href="MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li>

<li><a href="Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a>

<ul><li><a href="Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li>

<li><a href="Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li>

<li><a href="Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li>

<li><a href="Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li>

<li><a href="Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Houser_Brattain" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li>

<li><a href="Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li>

<li><a href="Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li>

<li><a href="Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li>

<li><a href="Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li>

<li><a href="Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li>

<li><a href="Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li>

<li><a href="Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li>

<li><a href="Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li>

<li><a href="Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li>

<li><a href="Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li>

<li><a href="Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li>

<li><a href="Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li>

<li><a href="Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li>

<li><a href="Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li>

<li><a href="Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li>

<li><a href="Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a>

<ul><li><a href="Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a>

<ul><li><a href="Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a>

<ul><li><a href="Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a> and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a>

<ul><li><a href="Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li>

<li><a href="Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li>

<li><a href="Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li>

<li><a href="Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li>

<li><a href="BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li>

<li><a href="CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li>

<li><a href="FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li>

<li><a href="JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li>

<li><a href="NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li>

<li><a href="TANet" title="TANet">TANet</a></li>

<li><a href="Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li>

<li><a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Africa</li>

<li>Americas

<ul><li>North</li>

<li>South</li></ul></li>

<li>Antarctica</li>

<li>Europe</li>

<li>Oceania</li>

<li><a href="List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3ATelecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li>

<li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Character_encodings589" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Character_encodings589" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encodings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph#Codes" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">Needle</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Non-Latin</a></li>

<li><a href="Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun/Kana</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_telegraph_code" title="Chinese telegraph code">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Morse_code" title="Russian Morse code">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot and Murray</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fieldata" title="Fieldata">Fieldata</a></li>

<li><a href="ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>

<li><a href="BCD_(character_encoding)" title="BCD (character encoding)">BCDIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Teletex" title="Teletex">Teletex</a> and <a href="Videotex" title="Videotex">Videotex</a>/<a href="Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a>

<li>World System Teletext

<ul><li><a href="World_System_Teletext" title="World System Teletext">background</a></li>

<li><a href="Transcode_(character_encoding)" title="Transcode (character encoding)">Transcode</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Approved parts

<ul><li><a href="ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1 (Western Europe)</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2 (Central Europe)</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3 (Maltese/Esperanto)</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4 (North Europe)</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5 (Cyrillic)</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6 (Arabic)</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7 (Greek)</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8 (Hebrew)</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9 (Turkish)</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10 (Nordic)</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13 (Baltic)</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14 (Celtic)</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15 (New Western Europe)</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16 (Romanian)</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Abandoned parts

<ul><li><a href="ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12 (Devanagari)</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Proposed but not approved

<ul><li><a href="ISO-IR-111" title="ISO-IR-111">KOI-8 Cyrillic</a></li>

<li>Adaptations

<ul><li><a href="ISO-IR-182" title="ISO-IR-182">Welsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_page_922" title="Code page 922">Estonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_page_1124" title="Code page 1124">Ukrainian Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bibliographic use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ANSEL" title="ANSEL">ANSEL</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Character_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange">CCCII/EACC</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">ArmSCII</a></li>

<li><a href="BraSCII" title="BraSCII">BraSCII</a></li>

<li><a href="BSCII" class="mw-redirect" title="BSCII">BSCII</a></li>

<li><a href="Hong_Kong_Supplementary_Character_Set" title="Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set">HKSCS</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Indian Script Code for Information Interchange">ISCII</a></li>

<li><a href="Perso-Arabic_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange">PASCII</a></li>

<li><a href="Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Tamil Script Code for Information Interchange">TSCII</a></li>

<li><a href="VISCII" title="VISCII">VISCII</a></li>

<li><a href="VSCII" title="VSCII">VSCII</a></li>

<li><a href="YUSCII" title="YUSCII">YUSCII</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ISO/IEC 2022</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Extended_Unix_Code" title="Extended Unix Code">Extended Unix Code / EUC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mac OS <a href="Code_page" title="Code page">Code pages</a> ("scripts")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mac_OS_Armenian" title="Mac OS Armenian">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Barents_Cyrillic" title="Mac OS Barents Cyrillic">Barents Cyrillic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Celtic" title="Mac OS Celtic">Celtic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Central_European_encoding" title="Mac OS Central European encoding">Central European</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Croatian_encoding" title="Mac OS Croatian encoding">Croatian</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Cyrillic_encoding" title="Mac OS Cyrillic encoding">Cyrillic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Devanagari_encoding" title="Mac OS Devanagari encoding">Devanagari</a></li>

<li><a href="MacFarsi_encoding" title="MacFarsi encoding">Farsi (Persian)</a></li>

<li><a href="Macintosh_Font_X_encoding" title="Macintosh Font X encoding">Font X (Kermit)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Gaelic" title="Mac OS Gaelic">Gaelic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Georgian" title="Mac OS Georgian">Georgian</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Greek_encoding" title="Mac OS Greek encoding">Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Gujarati" title="Mac OS Gujarati">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Gurmukhi" title="Mac OS Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Hebrew" title="Mac OS Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Icelandic_encoding" title="Mac OS Icelandic encoding">Iceland</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Inuit" title="Mac OS Inuit">Inuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Keyboard_encoding" title="Mac OS Keyboard encoding">Keyboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Macintosh_Latin_encoding" title="Macintosh Latin encoding">Latin (Kermit)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Maltese/Esperanto_encoding" title="Mac OS Maltese/Esperanto encoding">Maltese/Esperanto</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Ogham" title="Mac OS Ogham">Ogham</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Roman" title="Mac OS Roman">Roman</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Romanian_encoding" title="Mac OS Romanian encoding">Romanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Turkish_encoding" title="Mac OS Turkish encoding">Turkish</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Turkic_Cyrillic" title="Mac OS Turkic Cyrillic">Turkic Cyrillic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Ukrainian_encoding" title="Mac OS Ukrainian encoding">Ukrainian</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DOS code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ABICOMP_character_set" title="ABICOMP character set">ABICOMP</a></li>

<li><a href="CS_Indic_character_set" title="CS Indic character set">CS Indic</a></li>

<li><a href="CSX_Indic_character_set" title="CSX Indic character set">CSX Indic</a></li>

<li><a href="CSX%2B_Indic_character_set" title="CSX+ Indic character set">CSX+ Indic</a></li>

<li><a href="Iran_System_encoding" title="Iran System encoding">Iran System</a></li>

<li><a href="Kamenick%C3%BD_encoding" title="Kamenický encoding">Kamenický</a></li>

<li><a href="Mazovia_encoding" title="Mazovia encoding">Mazovia</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">IBM AIX code pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Windows_code_page" title="Windows code page">Windows code pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Extended_Latin-8" title="Extended Latin-8">Extended Latin-8</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_French" title="Windows Cyrillic + French">Cyrillic + French</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_German" title="Windows Cyrillic + German">Cyrillic + German</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Polytonic_Greek" title="Windows Polytonic Greek">Polytonic Greek</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Japanese_language_in_EBCDIC" title="Japanese language in EBCDIC">Japanese language in EBCDIC</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> terminals (<a href="VT220" title="VT220">VTx</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">Multinational (MCS)</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Replacement_Character_Set" title="National Replacement Character Set">National Replacement (NRCS)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Code_page_1020" title="Code page 1020">French Canadian</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_page_1021" title="Code page 1021">Swiss</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_page_1023" title="Code page 1023">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_page_1101" title="Code page 1101">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_page_1102" title="Code page 1102">Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_page_1103" title="Code page 1103">Finnish</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_page_1104" title="Code page 1104">French</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_page_1105" title="Code page 1105">Norwegian and Danish</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_page_1106" title="Code page 1106">Swedish</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_page_1107" title="Code page 1107">Norwegian and Danish (alternative)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Code_page_1287" title="Code page 1287">8-bit Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_page_1288" title="Code page 1288">8-bit Turkish</a></li>

<li><a href="DEC_Hebrew" title="DEC Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><a href="DEC_Special_Graphics" title="DEC Special Graphics">Special Graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="DEC_Technical_Character_Set" title="DEC Technical Character Set">Technical (TCS)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platform specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="RISC_OS_character_set" title="RISC OS character set">Acorn RISC OS</a></li>

<li><a href="Amstrad_CPC_character_set" title="Amstrad CPC character set">Amstrad CPC</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_II_character_set" title="Apple II character set">Apple II</a></li>

<li><a href="ATASCII" title="ATASCII">ATASCII</a></li>

<li><a href="Atari_ST_character_set" title="Atari ST character set">Atari ST</a></li>

<li><a href="Casio_calculator_character_sets" title="Casio calculator character sets">Casio calculators</a></li>

<li><a href="Intecolor/Compucolor_8001_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Intecolor/Compucolor 8001 character set">Compucolor 8001</a></li>

<li><a href="Compucolor_II_character_set" title="Compucolor II character set">Compucolor II</a></li>

<li><a href="DEC_RADIX_50" title="DEC RADIX 50">DEC RADIX 50</a></li>

<li><a href="DG_International" title="DG International">DG International</a></li>

<li><a href="Galaksija_(computer)#Character_ROM" title="Galaksija (computer)">Galaksija</a></li>

<li><a href="HP_Roman" title="HP Roman">HP Roman</a></li>

<li><a href="FOCAL_character_set" title="FOCAL character set">HP FOCAL</a></li>

<li><a href="SQUOZE#Identifier_name_character_encoding" title="SQUOZE">SQUOZE</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_Multi-Byte_Character_Set" title="Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set">LMBCS</a></li>

<li><a href="PETSCII" title="PETSCII">PETSCII</a></li>

<li><a href="PostScript_Standard_Encoding" title="PostScript Standard Encoding">PostScript Standard</a></li>

<li><a href="PostScript_Latin_1_Encoding" title="PostScript Latin 1 Encoding">PostScript Latin 1</a></li>

<li><a href="SAM_Coup%C3%A9_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="SAM Coupé character set">SAM Coupé</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharp_pocket_computer_character_sets" title="Sharp pocket computer character sets">Sharp calculators</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharp_MZ_character_set" title="Sharp MZ character set">Sharp MZ</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinclair_QL_character_set" title="Sinclair QL character set">Sinclair QL</a></li>

<li><a href="Teletext_character_set" title="Teletext character set">Teletext</a></li>

<li><a href="TI_calculator_character_sets" title="TI calculator character sets">TI calculators</a></li>

<li><a href="Ventura_International" title="Ventura International">Ventura International</a></li>

<li><a href="Wang_International_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Wang International Standard Code for Information Interchange">WISCII</a></li>

<li><a href="ZX_Spectrum_character_set" title="ZX Spectrum character set">ZX Spectrum</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> / <a href="Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">ISO/IEC 10646</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="UTF-EBCDIC" title="UTF-EBCDIC">UTF-EBCDIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings">Comparison of Unicode encodings</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> typesetting system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ABICOMP_character_set" title="ABICOMP character set">ABICOMP</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_encoding_of_APL_symbols" title="Digital encoding of APL symbols">Digital encoding of APL symbols</a>

<li><a href="Fieldata" title="Fieldata">Fieldata</a></li>

<li>INIS

<li><a href="Mojiky%C5%8D" title="Mojikyō">Mojikyō</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanford_Extended_ASCII" title="Stanford Extended ASCII">SEASCII</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanford/ITS_character_set" title="Stanford/ITS character set">Stanford/ITS</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbol_(typeface)" title="Symbol (typeface)">Symbol</a></li>

<li><a href="Unified_Hangul_Code" title="Unified Hangul Code">Unified Hangul Code</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Control_character" title="Control character">Control character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Morse prosigns</a></li>

<li><a href="C0_and_C1_control_codes" title="C0 and C1 control codes">C0 and C1 control codes</a>

<li><a href="Unicode_control_characters" title="Unicode control characters">Unicode control, format and separator characters</a></li>

<li><a href="Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace characters</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CCSID" title="CCSID">CCSID</a></li>

<li><a href="Character_encodings_in_HTML" title="Character encodings in HTML">Character encodings in HTML</a></li>

<li><a href="Charset_detection" title="Charset detection">Charset detection</a></li>

<li><a href="Han_unification" title="Han unification">Han unification</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_code_page" title="Hardware code page">Hardware code page</a></li>

<li><a href="Mojibake" title="Mojibake">Mojibake</a></li>

<li><a href="Variable-width_encoding" title="Variable-width encoding">Variable-length encoding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> Character sets</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a>

<ul><li><a href="Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Languages by writing system / <a href="List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li>

<li><a href="Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li>

<li><a href="Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li>

<li><a href="Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>

<ul><li><a href="Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li>

<li><a href="Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>

<ul><li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li>

<li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li>

<li><a href="Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li>

<li><a href="Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li>

<li><a href="Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li>

<li><a href="Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li>

<li><a href="La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li>

<li><a href="Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li>

<li><a href="Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li>

<li><a href="Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li>

<li>Golmol</li>

<li>Himmol</li>

<li>Kummol</li>

<li>Kvemmol</li>

<li>Pachumol</li>

<li><a href="Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li>

<li><a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li>

<li><a href="Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li>

<li><a href="Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li>

<li><a href="Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li>

<li><a href="Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li>

<li><a href="Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li>

<li><a href="Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li>

<li><a href="Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li>

<li><a href="Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li>

<li><a href="Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li>

<li><a href="S'gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>

<li><a href="Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li>

<li><a href="Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li>

<li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li>

<li><a href="Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li>

<li><a href="Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li>

<li><a href="Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li>

<li><a href="Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li>

<li><a href="Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li>

<li><a href="Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li>

<li><a href="Boyd's_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li>

<li><a href="Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li>

<li><a href="Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li>

<li><a href="Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li>

<li><a href="Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li>

<li><a href="Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li>

<li><a href="Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li>

<li><a href="Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li>

<li><a href="Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li>

<li><a href="Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li>

<li><a href="Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li>

<li><a href="Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Serbian_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Cyrillic">Serbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li>

<li><a href="Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a>

<ul><li><a href="Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li>

<li><a href="Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li>

<li><a href="Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li>

<li><a href="Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaddare_script" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li>

<li><a href="Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li>

<li><a href="Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li>

<li><a href="Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li>

<li><a href="Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li>

<li><a href="Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li>

<li><a href="Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li>

<li><a href="Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li>

<li><a href="Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li>

<li><a href="Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li>

<li><a href="Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li>

<li><a href="Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li>

<li><a href="Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li>

<li><a href="Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li>

<li><a href="Osmanya_script" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li>

<li><a href="Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li>

<li><a href="Runes" title="Runes">Runic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li>

<li><a href="Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li>

<li><a href="Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li>

<li><a href="Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li>

<li><a href="Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li>

<li><a href="Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li>

<li><a href="Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li>

<li><a href="Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li>

<li><a href="Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li>

<li><a href="Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li>

<li><a href="New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li>

<li><a href="Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li>

<li><a href="Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li>

<li><a href="Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li>

<li><a href="Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li>

<li><a href="Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li>

<li><a href="Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li>

<li><a href="Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ojibwe_writing_systems#Anishinaabewibii'iganan" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Anishinaabewibii'iganan</a></li>

<li><a href="Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li>

<li><a href="Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li>

<li><a href="Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li>

<li><a href="Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li>

<li><a href="Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li>

<li><a href="Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a>

<ul><li><a href="Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li>

<li><a href="Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li>

<li><a href="Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li>

<li><a href="Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li>

<li><a href="Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li>

<li><a href="Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li>

<li><a href="Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li>

<li><a href="Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li>

<li><a href="Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li>

<li><a href="Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li>

<li><a href="Iberian_scripts" title="Iberian scripts">Iberian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li>

<li><a href="Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li>

<li><a href="Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li>

<li><a href="SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li>

<li><a href="Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li>

<li><a href="Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li>

<li><a href="Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li>

<li><a href="Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li>

<li><a href="Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li>

<li><a href="Man'y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li>

<li><a href="Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li>

<li><a href="Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li>

<li><a href="Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li>

<li><a href="Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></li>

<li><a href="International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French-ordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></li>

<li><a href="Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></li>

<li><a href="Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</li>

<li><a href="Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></li>

<li><a href="German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></li>

<li><a href="Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</li>

<li><a href="Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></li>

<li><a href="M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></li>

<li><a href="Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></li>

<li><a href="Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></li>

<li><a href="South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</li>

<li><a href="Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></li>

<li><a href="Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></li>

<li><a href="Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></li>

<li><a href="Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a>

<ul><li>Danish</li>

<li>Finnish</li>

<li>Greenlandic</li>

<li><a href="Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></li>

<li>Norwegian</li>

<li>Swedish</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family i.e. <a href="Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></li>

<li><a href="Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family i.e. <a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></li>

<li><a href="Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family i.e. <a href="Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></li>

<li><a href="Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ge'ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></li>

<li><a href="Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</li>

<li><a href="Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Chinese semi-syllabaries

<ul><li><a href="Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</li>

<li><a href="IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></li>

<li><a href="Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></li>

<li><a href="Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></li>

<li><a href="Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li>

<li><a href="Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></li>

<li><a href="Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></li>

<li><a href="R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></li>

<li><a href="Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></li>

<li><a href="Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></li>

<li><a href="Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></li>

<li><a href="Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></li>

<li>Blindness organizations</li>

<li>Schools for the blind</li>

<li><a href="American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></li>

<li><a href="New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li>

<li><a href="Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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